scholarly journals Soap, water, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): an ancient handwashing strategy for preventing dissemination of a novel virus

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12041
Author(s):  
M. Khalid Ijaz ◽  
Raymond W. Nims ◽  
Sarah de Szalay ◽  
Joseph R. Rubino
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Disease Prevention ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pathogen Inactivation ◽  
Public Health Agencies ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

Public Health Agencies worldwide (World Health Organization, United States Centers for Disease Prevention & Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, etc.) are recommending hand washing with soap and water for preventing the dissemination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. In this review, we have discussed the mechanisms of decontamination by soap and water (involving both removal and inactivation), described the contribution of the various components of formulated soaps to performance as cleansers and to pathogen inactivation, explained why adherence to recommended contact times is critical, evaluated the possible contribution of water temperature to inactivation, discussed the advantages of antimicrobial soaps vs. basic soaps, discussed the differences between use of soap and water vs. alcohol-based hand sanitizers for hand decontamination, and evaluated the limitations and advantages of different methods of drying hands following washing. While the paper emphasizes data applicable to SARS-CoV-2, the topics discussed are germane to most emerging and re-emerging enveloped and non-enveloped viruses and many other pathogen types.

scholarly journals Soap, Water, and SARS-CoV-2: An Ancient Handwashing Strategy for Preventing Dissemination of a New Virus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Khalid Ijaz ◽  
Raymond Nims ◽  
Sarah de Szalay ◽  
Joseph R. Rubino
Keyword(s):  
Disease Prevention ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
World Health ◽  
Pathogen Inactivation ◽  
Enveloped Viruses ◽  
Public Health Agencies ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

Public Health Agencies worldwide (World Health Organization, U.S. Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, etc.) are recommending hand washing with soap and water for preventing the dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 infections. In this review, we have discussed the mechanism of decontamination by soap and water (involving both removal and inactivation), described the contribution of the various components of formulated soaps to performance as cleansers and to pathogen inactivation, explained why adherence to recommended contact times is critical, evaluated the possible contribution of water temperature to inactivation, discussed the advantages of antimicrobial soaps versus basic soaps, discussed the differences between use of soap and water versus alcohol-based hand sanitizers for hand decontamination, and evaluated the limitations and advantages of different methods of drying hands following washing. While the paper emphasizes data applicable to SARS-CoV-2, the topics discussed are germane to most emerging and re-emerging enveloped and non-enveloped viruses and other pathogens.

scholarly journals Coronavirus Disease 2019 Occupational Considerations for Surgeons: A Review Article

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
Seyed Hesamaddin Banihashemi ◽  
Ahmadreza Karimi ◽  
Hasti Nikourazm ◽  
Behnaz Bahmanyar ◽  
Dariush Hooshyar
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Medical Staff ◽  
Review Article ◽  
World Health ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus and its associated disease, called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), first appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and quickly spread around the world. Coronavirus was officially named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization and was recognized as a pandemic due to its rapid spread worldwide. Based on the published data, it is hoped to provide a source for later studies and to help prevent and control the contagious COVID-19 and its characteristics, and considerations that surgeons and medical staff must observe during the epidemic.

scholarly journals Implementation of a national electronic reporting system in Lithuania

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Domeika ◽  
G Kligys ◽  
O Ivanauskiene ◽  
J Mereckiene ◽  
V Bakasenas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reporting System ◽  
National Level ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
World Health ◽  
Aggregated Data ◽  
Electronic Reporting ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
Further Development

Electronic reporting systems improve the quality and timeliness of the surveillance of communicable diseases. The aim of this paper is to present the process of the implementation and introduction of an electronic reporting system for the surveillance of communicable diseases in Lithuania. The project which started in 2002 was performed in collaboration between Lithuania and Sweden and was facilitated by the parallel process of adapting the surveillance system to European Union (EU) standards. The Lotus-based software, SmittAdm, was acquired from the Department of Communicable Diseases Control and Prevention of Stockholm County in Sweden and adopted for Lithuania, resulting in the Lithuanian software, ULISAS. A major advantage of this program for Lithuania was the possibility to work offline. The project was initiated in the two largest counties in Lithuania where ULISAS had been installed and put in use by January 2005. The introduction was gradual, the national level was connected to the system during late 2005, and all remaining counties were included during 2006 and 2007. The reporting system remains to be evaluated concerning timeliness and completeness of the surveillance. Further development is needed, for example the inclusion of all physicians and laboratories and an alert system for outbreaks. The introduction of this case-based, timely electronic reporting system in Lithuania allows better reporting of data to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) compared to the former reporting system with paper-based, aggregated data.

scholarly journals Evolving global and national criteria for identifying a suspected case of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 030006052093894
Author(s):  
Amporn Atsawarungruangkit ◽  
Jin Yuan ◽  
Takamitsu Kodama ◽  
Ming-Tai Cheng ◽  
Mohammad Mansouri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
World Health ◽  
Suspected Case ◽  
Health Insurance System ◽  
Accurate Identification ◽  
Public Health Agencies ◽  
International Agencies ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
Epidemiological Risk ◽  
Health Organization

Background The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) began in December 2019 and continues to spread worldwide. Rapid and accurate identification of suspected cases is critical in slowing spread of the virus that causes the disease. We aimed to highlight discrepancies in the various criteria used by international agencies and highly impacted individual countries around the world. Methods We reviewed the criteria for identifying a suspected case of COVID-19 used by two international public health agencies and 10 countries across Asia, Europe, and North America. The criteria included information on the clinical causes of illness and epidemiological risk factors. Non-English language guidelines were translated into English by a co-author who is fluent in that particular language. Results Although most criteria are modifications of World Health Organization recommendations, the specific clinical features and epidemiological risks for triggering evaluation of patients with suspected COVID-19 differed widely among countries. The rationale for these differences may be related to each country’s resources, politics, experience with previous outbreaks or pandemics, health insurance system, COVID-19 outbreak severity, and other undetermined factors. Conclusion We found no consensus regarding the best diagnostic criteria for identifying a suspected case of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Combined Homeopathy and Allopathy Treatment for COVID-19: A Review

2020 ◽  
pp. S38-S45
Author(s):  
Md Irfanul Haque ◽  
Aqib Adnan Shafin ◽  
Md Mahmud
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Public Health Emergency ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treatment Approaches ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Health Organization

At the end of 2019, an outburst of a novel virus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was observed in Wuhan, China. World Health Organization proclaimed this upsurge as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30th January 2020. In this article, epidemiology, the causative agent, pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and its treatment approaches like homeopathy and allopathy are reviewed. However, our main focus was to collect and visualize some data which bring evidence that combined homeopathy and allopathy treatment can help to cure COVID-19. Bangladesh Journal of Infectious Diseases, October 2020;7(suppl_2):S38-S45

scholarly journals The history and epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aisha M. Al-Osail ◽  
Marwan J. Al-Wazzah
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
World Health ◽  
Corona Virus ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Novel Virus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Corona Viruses

Corona viruses cause common cold, and infections caused by corona viruses are generally self-resolving. During the last 4 years, corona viruses have become the most important viruses worldwide because of the occurrence of several recent deaths caused by corona viruses in Saudi Arabia. Spread of the infection occurred worldwide; however, most cases of mortality have occurred in the Middle East. Owing to the predominance of outbreaks in the Middle Eastern countries, the virus was renamed a Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) by the Corona virus Study Group. The Center for Diseases Control and Prevention and World Health Organization maintain a website that is updated frequently with new cases of MERS-CoV infection. In this review, we describe the history and epidemiology of this novel virus. Studies of the genetics and molecular mechanisms of this virus are expected to facilitate the development of vaccines in the future.

scholarly journals Impacts of Ebola on Supply Chains in MRB Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 122-139
Author(s):  
Peter Davis Sumo
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
World Health ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
Gdp Growth Rate ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this paper is to present a science-based narrative of the impact of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) on the supply chains of the major commodities of Liberia. Scientific literatures from appropriate journals, newspapers, trade data of applicable ministries and governmental agencies, data on Ebola from websites of World Health Organization (WHO), Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), Center for Disease and Control and Prevention (CDC), World Bank, the International Monetary Funds (IMF) and other relevant institutions are used extensively while also employing a market chain approach to represent the overall supply chains of these products. The review reveals, among others, the significant disruption to the flow of goods and the decrease in output of the main export commodities of Liberia. It also shows a fall in the real GDP growth rate of the Mano River Basin (MRB) countries during the Ebola years. The paper identifies that the specific mechanisms through which the supply chains were disrupted were as a result of fear and government’s regulation. Additionally, it provides a practical conduit for the diversification of the rubber industry. Given the complex web of supply chains of just a single product, this effort is in no way an exhaustive review on the impact of the EVD on supply chains of commodities dealt with herein, let alone the overall impact of EVD on the country as a whole. Obviously, this review is also limited in terms of scope and extent. This review is a useful introduction to investigators who might want to commit to research in this particular aspect of the impact of the EVD vis-a-vis its impact on supply chains in Liberia or on a broader level, the MRB Countries.

scholarly journals Clinical orthodontic management during the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunjay Suri ◽  
Yona R. Vandersluis ◽  
Anuraj S. Kochhar ◽  
Ritasha Bhasin ◽  
Mohamed-Nur Abdallah
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Contingency Management ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT Objectives To provide a comprehensive summary of the implications of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on orthodontic treatment, contingency management, and provision of emergency orthodontic treatment, using currently available data and literature. Materials and Methods Orthodontically relevant sources of information were searched using electronic databases including PubMed and Google Scholar and current reports from major health bodies such as Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, World Health Organization, National Institutes of Health, and major national orthodontic associations. Results Where available, peer-reviewed and more recent publications were given priority. Due to the rapidly evolving nature of COVID-19 and limitations in quality of evidence, a narrative synthesis was undertaken. Relevant to orthodontics, human-to human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurs predominantly through the respiratory tract via droplets, secretions (cough, sneeze), and or direct contact, where the virus enters the mucous membrane of the mouth, nose, and eyes. The virus can remain stable for days on plastic and stainless steel. Most infected persons experience a mild form of disease, but those with advanced age or underlying comorbidities may suffer severe respiratory and multiorgan complications. Conclusions During the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, elective orthodontic treatment should be suspended and resumed only when permitted by federal, provincial, and local health regulatory authorities. Emergency orthodontic treatment can be provided by following a contingency plan founded on effective communication and triage. Treatment advice should be delivered remotely first when possible, and where necessary, in-person treatment can be performed in a well-prepared operatory following the necessary precautions and infection prevention and control (IPAC) protocol.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2; What We Know so far

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (7) ◽  
pp. 498-502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huda Fatima Rajani ◽  
Fatima Ahmed Alshaikh ◽  
Amir Anushiravani
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
World Health ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
The World ◽  
Recent Outbreak ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Precautionary Measures ◽  
Health Organization

A recent outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has affected more than 1100000 (April 5, 2020) individuals worldwide and is spreading rapidly. The virus is reported to be derived from bats and the infection was first reported in China. Similar to the severe acute respiratory syndrome and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronaviruses, it is responsible for respiratory tract infection. Real time polymerase chain reaction and radiography are the two main diagnostic methods. Guidelines from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization (WHO) should be followed for diagnostic and precautionary measures. Treatment of the infection is still not available; however, antivirals are under clinical trials.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Pandemic: Can Maintaining Optimal Zinc Balance Enhance Host Resistance?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed S. Razzaque
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
International Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Human Movements ◽  
Health Agencies ◽  
The World ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The novel coronavirus, COVID-19 is now officially declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO), and most parts of the world are taking drastic measures to restrict human movements to contain the infection. Like millions of others around the world, I am wondering, is there anything that could be done, other than keeping high personal hygiene, and be vigilant of symptoms, to reduce the chances of infection, or at least to reduce the burden of the disease. So far, the National and International health agencies, including the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the WHO have provided clear guidelines for both preventive and treatment suggestions. In this opinion-based article, I want to discuss, why keeping the adequate micronutrient balance might enhance the host response and be protective of viral infections. A detailed in-depth discussion of various micronutrients is not the purpose of this article, I will mostly emphasize on the role of zinc in viral infection.

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