scholarly journals Impact of dietary level and ratio of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids on disease progression and mRNA expression of immune and inflammatory markers in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) challenged with Paramoeba perurans

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12028
Author(s):  
Chandrasekar Selvam ◽  
Mark D. Powell ◽  
Nina S. Liland ◽  
Grethe Rosenlund ◽  
Nini H. Sissener
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Post Challenge ◽  
Dietary Level ◽  
Immune Genes

The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of dietary level and ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids (FA) on growth, disease progression and expression of immune and inflammatory markers in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) following challenge with Paramoeba perurans. Fish (80 g) were fed four different diets with different ratios of n-6/n-3 FA; at 1.3, 2.4 and 6.0 and one diet with ratio of 1.3 combined with a higher level of n-3 FA and n-6 FA. The diet with the n-6/n-3 FA ratio of 6.0 was included to ensure potential n-6 FA effects were revealed, while the three other diets were more commercially relevant n-6/n-3 FA ratios and levels. After a pre-feeding period of 3 months, fish from each diet regime were challenged with a standardized laboratory challenge using a clonal culture of P. perurans at the concentration of 1,000 cells L−1. The subsequent development of the disease was monitored (by gross gill score), and sampling conducted before challenge and at weekly sampling points for 5 weeks post-challenge. Challenge with P. perurans did not have a significant impact on the growth of the fish during the challenge period, but fish given the feed with the highest n-6/n-3 FA ratio had reduced growth compared to the other groups. Total gill score for all surfaces showed a significant increase with time, reaching a maximum at 21 days post-challenge and declined thereafter, irrespective of diet groups. Challenge with P. perurans influenced the mRNA expression of examined genes involved in immune and inflammatory response (TNF-α, iNOS, IL4-13b, GATA-3, IL-1β, p53, COX2 and PGE2-EP4), but diet did not influence the gene expression. In conclusion, an increase in dietary n-6/n-3 FA ratio influenced the growth of Atlantic salmon challenged with P. perurans; however, it did not alter the mRNA expression of immune genes or progression of the disease.

The effect of environmental conditions on the dynamics of fatty acids in juveniles of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. N. Nemova ◽  
Z. A. Nefedova ◽  
S. A. Murzina ◽  
A. E. Veselov ◽  
P. O. Ripatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Somatolactin mRNA expression during the parr-smolt transformation in hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar smolts

2008 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 436-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. O’Keeffe ◽  
S. Hubert ◽  
M. Voisin ◽  
B. Houeix ◽  
D. Cotter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

Relationship between diet and immune response in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) after feeding various levels of ascorbic acid and omega-3 fatty acids

Aquaculture ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Inge Erdal ◽  
Øystein Evensen ◽  
Ole Kristian Kaurstad ◽  
Atle Lillehaug ◽  
Roar Solbakken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Omega 3 Fatty Acids ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar

scholarly journals Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) require increased dietary levels of B-vitamins when fed diets with high inclusion of plant based ingredients

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gro-Ingunn Hemre ◽  
Erik-Jan Lock ◽  
Pål Asgeir Olsvik ◽  
Kristin Hamre ◽  
Marit Espe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Transferase Activity ◽  
Dietary Level ◽  
Diet Level

Aiming to re-evaluate current recommendations for nutrient supplementations when Atlantic salmon are fed diets based on plant ingredients, two regression experiments, with parr and post-smolt, were conducted. A control diet was included to evaluate if ingredients supplied sufficient nutrients without any added nutrient package (NP). The nutrient package consisted of vitamins B, C, E, minerals, cholesterol, methionine, taurine and histidine. This paper focus on B-vitamins. In parr, growth, health and welfare parameters responded on NP additions, but this was not observed in the seawater stage. During three months of feeding, parr tripled their weight. Parr given diets added the NP above NRC (2011) showed improved protein retention, and reduced liver and viscera indices. Post-smolt fed the same diets during five months showed a doubling of weight, but did not respond to the variation in NP to the same extent as parr. Significant regressions were obtained in body compartments for several of the B-vitamins in the premix. Whole body biotin concentration was unaffected by micronutrient premix level, and mRNA expression of the enzymes dependent of biotin showed only weak increases with increased biotin. Muscle thiamine plateaued at a diet level similar to NRC (2011) recommendation in freshwater, and showed stable values independent on premix addition in seawater. The mRNA expression of the enzyme G6PDH (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) is sensitive to thiamine availability; results did not indicate any need to add thiamine above levels recommended for fish in general. Niacin showed a steady increase in whole body concentrations as feed niacin increased. Muscle riboflavin peaked at a diet level of 12.4 mg kg−1. Sufficient riboflavin is important to avoid e.g., development of cataract. Cataract was not registered to be any problem, neither in fresh- nor in seawater. Cobalamin (B12) in muscle and liver was saturated at 0.17 mg kg−1diet. Muscle pyridoxine showed a dose-dependent level in muscle, and peaked around 10 mg kg−1diet. White muscle ASAT (asparagine amino transferase) activity steadily increased, with indications of stable values when dietary pyridoxine was around 10–16 mg kg−1diet. Pantothenic acid increased in gill tissue up to a level of 5.5 mg kg−1soft gill tissue; at a dietary level of 22 mg kg−1. Improved performance, and coverage of metabolic need for niacin was at a dietary level of 66 mg kg−1, riboflavin 10–12 mg kg−1, pyridoxine 10 mg kg−1and panthotenic acid 22 mg kg−1. Based on these results, recommended B-vitamin supplementation in plant based diets for Atlantic salmon should be adjusted.

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