scholarly journals Eating for numbing: a community-based study of trauma exposure, emotion dysregulation, dissociation, body dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11899
Author(s):  
Lilac Lev-ari ◽  
Ada H. Zohar ◽  
Rachel Bachner-Melman
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Trauma Exposure ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
Physical Assault ◽  
Eating Disorders Examination ◽  
The Relationship

Objective The current study tests the relationship between eating disorder (ED) symptoms and trauma exposure. The mechanisms via which trauma is related to ED symptoms have not been sufficiently examined. This study examines the complex role of dissociation and emotional dysregulation in the context of trauma, BMI, ED symptoms and body dissatisfaction (BD). We hypothesized that dissociation and emotional dysregulation would mediate the relationship between trauma exposure and ED symptoms/BD. We further hypothesized that BMI would play a moderating role in this association. Method A community sample of 229 (16.2% male) participants, with a mean age of 29.08 ± 10.68 reported online on traumatic events (Life Events Checklist), dissociation (Dissociative Experiences Scale-II), emotional dysregulation (Difficulties in Emotional Regulation Scale), ED symptoms (Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire) and BD (Figure Rating Scale). Results Participants reported experiencing a mean of 2.87 ± 2.27 traumatic events, with a relatively high percentage (~86%) reporting at least one. The most commonly reported traumatic events were transportation accidents and physical assault. Although frequency of traumatic events did not directly predict ED symptoms, BMI, dissociation, emotional dysregulation and BD did. An SEM model showed that traumatic events predicted ED symptoms indirectly through dissociation, emotional dysregulation and BMI. Dissociation and emotional dysregulation predicted ED symptoms directly. BMI also moderated the association between traumatic events and both ED symptoms and BD. Conclusions Therapists treating patients with high BMI or obesity should be aware of these relationships and investigate the possibility that trauma and/or PTSD may underlie the presenting disordered eating or eating disorder.

scholarly journals Restrained eating in Lebanese adolescents: scale validation and correlates

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy Boulos Nakhoul ◽  
Anthony Mina ◽  
Michel Soufia ◽  
Sahar Obeid ◽  
Souheil Hallit
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Activity Index ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Restrained Eating ◽  
Distress Scale

Abstract Background Restrained eating disorder is prevalent worldwide across both ethnic and different cultural groups, and most importantly within the adolescent population. Additionally, comorbidities of restrained eating present a large burden on both physical and mental health of individuals. Moreover, literature is relatively scarce in Arab countries regarding eating disorders, let alone restrained eating, and among adolescent populations; hence, the aim of this study was to (1) validate the Dutch Restrained Eating Scale in a sample of Lebanese adolescents and (2) assess factors correlated with restrained eating (RE), while taking body dissatisfaction as a moderator between body mass index (BMI) and RE. Methods This cross-sectional study, conducted between May and June 2020 during the lockdown period imposed by the Lebanese government, included 614 adolescents aged between 15 and 18 years from all Lebanese governorates (mean age of 16.66 ± 1.01 years). The scales used were: Dutch Restrained Eating Scale, body dissatisfaction subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory-Second version, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Beirut Distress Scale (for psychological distress), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and Patient Health Questionnaire (for depression). Results The factor analysis yielded a one-factor solution with Eigen values > 1 (variance explained = 59.65 %; αCronbach = 0.924). Female gender (B = 0.19), higher BMI (B = 0.49), higher physical activity index (B = 0.17), following a diet to lose weight (B = 0.26), starving oneself to lose weight (B = 0.13), more body dissatisfaction (B = 1.09), and higher stress (B = 0.18) were significantly associated with more RE, whereas taking medications to lose weight (B=-0.10) was significantly associated with less RE. The interaction body mass index (BMI) by body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with RE; in the group with low BMI, higher body dissatisfaction was significantly associated with more RE. Conclusions Our study showed that the Dutch Restrained Eating scale is an adapted and validated tool to be used among Lebanese adolescents and revealed factors associated with restrained eating in this population. Since restrained eating has been associated with many clinically-diagnosed eating disorders, the results of this study might serve as a first step towards the development of prevention strategies targeted towards promoting a healthy lifestyle in Lebanese adolescents.

scholarly journals New Body Scales Reveal Body Dissatisfaction, Thin-Ideal, and Muscularity-Ideal in Males

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 740-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Ralph-Nearman ◽  
Ruth Filik
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Actual Body ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Thin Ideal ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Drive For Muscularity ◽  
Manipulation Check ◽  
Eating Disorder Examination ◽  
Body Scale

The aim of the current study was to develop, test, and retest two new male body dissatisfaction scales: The Male Body Scale (MBS; consisting of emaciated to obese figures) and the Male Fit Body Scale (MFBS; consisting of emaciated to muscular figures). These scales were compared to the two most commonly used visually based indices of body dissatisfaction (Stunkard Figure Rating Scale, SFRS; and Somatomorphic Matrix, SM). Male participants rated which body figure on each scale most represented their current figure, then their ideal figure, and then rated which one of the three scales (MBS, MFBS, and SFRS) best represented their current and ideal body overall. Finally, they completed the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS), the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q 6.0), and their actual body composition was calculated. This was followed by a retest and manipulation check 2 to 6 weeks later. Participants’ actual body mass index, fat- and muscularity-percentage were all highly related to their current body figure choice, and both new scales were consistently valid and more reliable between test and retest than the SFRS and SM body dissatisfaction scores. Importantly, each scale was sensitive to different types of body dissatisfaction within males. Specifically, the MBS revealed that males’ desire for the thin-ideal significantly corresponded to higher eating disorder tendencies as identified by EDE-Q 6.0 scores, while the MFBS revealed much higher body dissatisfaction toward the larger, muscularity-ideal, predicting higher drive for muscularity as identified by DMS scores. Results validated the new scales, and inform male-focused eating disorder research.

Binge Eating Disorder e regolazione affettiva: cibo, emozioni, relazioni

2009 ◽  
pp. 77-93
Author(s):  
Valentina Guiducci
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Binge Eating ◽  
Binge Eating Disorder ◽  
Affect Regulation ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Emotional Dysregulation ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Bodily Sensations ◽  
Desire To Eat ◽  
The Relationship

- The work aims to draw a descriptive and explanatory picture of Binge Eating Disorder, basing on the key concept of affective regulation. It is proposed, as an explanation model of the disorder, the hypothesis of Taylor, Bagby and Parker (1997, 2000), who conceptualized Eating Disorders as self-regulation disorders, focusing on the construct of affect regulation. It refers to the acts that modulate emotions experienced and expressed (Gross and Munoz, 1995; Kopp, 1989; Schor, 1994). The reference to attachment theory, as privileged theoretical framework for understanding the construct of affect regulation, is introduced to discuss pathogenetic and clinical implications (Santona and Zavattini, 2009). The review of the empirical results of the studies that examined the relationship between Binge Eating Disorder and emotional dysregulation, shows how the characteristic of this disorder is a poor capacity to modulate dysphoric feelings and to differentiate emotions from bodily sensations. The desire to eat is experienced as a compulsive craving, that represents for the patient the only possible response to emotional dysregulation (Whiteside et al., 2007).Key-words: Binge Eating Disorder, food, emotions, affective regulation, bulimia, shape.Parole-chiave: Binge Eating Disorder, cibo, emozioni, regolazione affettiva, bulemia, vergogna.

scholarly journals Male body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms, body composition, and attentional bias to body stimuli evaluated using visual search

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 204380871984829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Talbot ◽  
Evelyn Smith ◽  
John Cass
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Visual Search ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Target Line ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Eating Disorder Symptoms ◽  
Male Body Image ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the relationship between body dissatisfaction, eating disorder symptoms, and attentional bias to images of male bodies using a compound visual search task. Sixty-three male participants searched for a horizontal or vertical target line among tilted lines. A separate male body image was presented within proximity to each line. Overall, search times were faster when the target line was paired with a muscular or obese body and distractor lines were paired with bodies of average muscularity and body fat ( congruent trials) than on neutral trials, in which only average muscularity and body fat images were shown. Attentional bias for muscular bodies was correlated with muscle dissatisfaction, eating restraint, and shape concern, and attentional bias for obese bodies was correlated with eating restraint. For incongruent trials, in which a single muscular or obese body was paired with a distractor line, search times were indistinguishable from neutral trials. Unexpectedly, we found a negative association between search times and both body fat dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptoms in conditions where obese bodies were paired with distracting stimuli. This result implicates a potential role for attentional filtering and/or avoidance of obese bodies in predicting body fat dissatisfaction and eating disorder symptomology.

scholarly journals Reported exposure to trauma among adult patients referred for psychological services at the Free State Psychiatric Complex, Bloemfontein

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurisa Van Zyl ◽  
Carla Nel ◽  
Martie Du Toit ◽  
Gina Joubert
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Events ◽  
Trauma Exposure ◽  
Psychological Services ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Physical Assault ◽  
Loved One ◽  
Traumatic Death ◽  
Potentially Traumatic Events ◽  
State Psychiatric ◽  
Exposure To Trauma

Background: Information regarding lifetime exposure to potentially traumatic events is critical in the management of various psychiatric disorders. Recent South African research suggests high levels of trauma exposure in the general population, however, the prevalence and type of potentially traumatic events among tertiary psychiatric patients are unknown.Objective: The study aimed to explore and describe the extent and nature of reported potentially traumatic events and associated variables in adult patients referred for psychological services at the Free State Psychiatric Complex (FSPC), Bloemfontein.Methods: In this cross-sectional study, demographic information, diagnostic morbidity and co-morbidity, and presence and type of reported trauma exposure reported by patients during the initial assessment were obtained from files of adult patients seen during a one-year period (2010) at the out-patient unit and the in-patient affective ward at the FSPC. Data were captured on data record forms by the researchers and analysed by means of descriptive statistics, univariate analysis and logistic regression (SAS version 9.1).Results: Of the 192 adults (71.9% White and 67.2% female) referred for psychological services,75.5% were diagnosed with mood disorders, 17.2% with anxiety disorders, 22.4% with substance-related disorders and 20.9% with cluster B personality disorders or traits. A total of 145 (75.5%) reported past trauma exposure. The most frequently reported types of trauma exposure were traumatic death/injury of a loved one (37.0%), physical assault (24.5%), witnessed/threatened violence (19.3%), and sexual assault (17.7%). Women were more likely to have been exposed to trauma than men (OR 4.02, 95% CI 1.87–8.62), in particular to traumatic death of a loved one (OR 3.13), physical assault (OR 4.08), or sexual assault (OR 5.43).Conclusions: The findings of this study contribute to current data regarding the prevalence of exposure to trauma and its possible association with mental illness. The importance of comprehensive trauma exposure screening in routine psychiatric interviewing practices is highlighted.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Orthorexia Nervosa and Symptomatology Associated with Eating Disorders among European University Students: A Multicentre Cross-Sectional Study

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Brytek-Matera ◽  
María Dolores Onieva-Zafra ◽  
María Laura Parra-Fernández ◽  
Anna Staniszewska ◽  
Justyna Modrzejewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
University Students ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Orthorexia Nervosa ◽  
Drive For Thinness ◽  
Eating Disorder Inventory ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
European University

The objectives of the present study were to (1) evaluate prevalence of orthorexia nervosa (ON) in university students in Spain and Poland, (2) assess differences in ON and eating disorder (ED) pathology in both samples and (3) examine the relationship between ON and ED symptoms among Spanish and Polish university students. Eight hundred and sixty university students participated in the present study (Mage = 21.17 ± 3.38; MBMI = 22.57 ± 3.76). The Spanish and Polish samples comprised 485 and 375 students, respectively. The Düsseldorf Orthorexia Scale and the Eating Disorder Inventory were used in the present study. ON prevalence rates of 2.3% and 2.9%, respectively, are found in the Spanish and Polish samples. Compared to Polish students, Spanish university students reported increased drive for thinness and lower body dissatisfaction, lower level of ineffectiveness and lower level of interpersonal distrust. ON was positively related to drive for thinness, bulimia, body dissatisfaction, perfectionism interoceptive awareness (in both Spanish and Polish students) and ineffectiveness (in Spanish students). Our findings suggest that ON significantly overlaps with ED symptoms, which is in line with recent studies. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess how ON develops in a sample of young adults and whether it develops in isolation of or in parallel with ED pathology.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Disorder Symptoms in Young Women Aspiring Fashion Models: The Mediating Role of Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 607-615
Author(s):  
Sabrina Castellano ◽  
Agostino Rizzotto ◽  
Sergio Neri ◽  
Walter Currenti ◽  
Claudia Savia Guerrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Stress Level ◽  
Eating Attitudes ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Eating Disorder Symptoms ◽  
Fashion Models ◽  
The Relationship

It is widely recognized that body dissatisfaction is an important public health concern. In the past, being a fashion model was almost synonymous with anorexia/bulimia, and even today, there are cases of eating disorders in young women whose ambition is to become a top model. Moreover, stress can play a substantial role within ill health via related behaviors such as smoking, substance abuse, and inappropriate eating. In our study, we examined 112 aspiring fashion models aged between 15 and 24 years (M = 19.5, SD = 2.08) from 32 different countries of the world during an international contest, and 100 students (control group), aged between 16 and 22 years (M = 18.6, SD = 1.39). The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine whether stress mediated the relationship between body dissatisfaction and eating disorders. The study included the administration of stress and self-efficacy and the locus of control dimensions, body (image) dissatisfaction, and eating attitude disorder. Results indicated higher scores on body dissatisfaction, stress level, and eating attitudes disorder among the group of fashion models compared to the control. Mediational analyses showed that body dissatisfaction was partially mediated by stress level on eating disorders. Especially in the aspiring fashion models, there are often many possibilities that competitive stress causes candidates to exacerbate attempts to maintain their body weight below normal weight/height parameters. These results indicated that appropriate intervention for the management of stress level could possibly defend against the negative impact of body dissatisfaction on eating disorder symptoms. The presence of skilled health workers in the field of nutrition and psychology can be extremely important in the field of fashion to maintain an adequate quality of life.

scholarly journals Believing emotions are uncontrollable is linked to eating disorder psychopathology via suppression and reappraisal

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Vuillier ◽  
Jemma Joseph ◽  
Matthew P. Somerville ◽  
Amy Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategies ◽  
Eating Psychopathology ◽  
Eating Disorder Psychopathology ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objective Research suggests that beliefs about emotional controllability influence the use of emotion regulation strategies, which in turn impact psychological health and illness. However, no research has yet investigated whether emotional controllability is linked to eating psychopathology. The current study investigates whether these concepts are related, as individuals with eating disorders have problems with emotion regulation. Method We collected self-report data from 718 participants from a community sample using validated questionnaires, and ran mediational analyses to assess the relationship between emotional controllability and eating psychopathology, via reappraisal and suppression, two emotion regulation strategies. Results Our mediational analyses suggest that believing emotions to be uncontrollable relates to high levels of suppression (β = −.08), low levels of reappraisal (β = .19) and poorer eating disorder psychopathology (β = −.11). Reappraisal and suppression were found to partially mediate the relationship between emotional controllability and eating psychopathology. Discussion The current study has demonstrated relationships that support investigations relating emotional controllability, emotion regulation and psychological health. This research has potential implications for developing interventions to target beliefs about emotions in order to help improve emotion regulation skills and eating psychopathology.

A-155 The Relationship between Parent-Reported Inattention Symptoms and Intra-Individual Variability in Neuropsychological Performance in Male Children and Adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1209-1209
Author(s):  
Raquel Rosenberg ◽  
Allison Nash ◽  
Claire Friedhoff ◽  
Jessica Paxton
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Neuropsychological Performance ◽  
Parent Ratings ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objective While previous research has demonstrated that males show greater intra-individual variability (IIV) in neuropsychological performance than females (Roalf et al., 2014), previous studies have not investigated how IIV relates to psychological factors in each gender. This study examined the relationship between psychological symptoms (i.e., depression, anxiety and inattention) and IIV in male and female pediatric samples. Method Participants included 135 male and 210 female individuals between the ages of 6 and 17 from Nathan Kline Institute’s Rockland Project. Participants endorsing a medical diagnosis associated with cognitive impairment (e.g., brain injury; n = 19) were excluded. The four psychological variables included T-scores from the Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) total to measure depression, the Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC) to measure anxiety, Conners ADHD Rating Scale - Parent to measure parent-ratings of inattention, and the Conners ADHD Rating Scale – Youth to measure self-rated inattention. IIV scores for accuracy were calculated from 10 subtests from the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery. Results In male participants, a regression analysis predicting IIV accuracy scores revealed that the four psychological variables together accounted for 7% of the variance in IIV accuracy scores. Conners Parent Inattention T-scores significantly predicted IIV accuracy scores in males (β = 0.19, p 0.16). In an analogous regression analysis with female participants, psychological symptoms did not significantly predict IIV accuracy scores. Conclusions Results indicated that inattention reported by parents predicted IIV accuracy for male children and adolescents in a community sample.

scholarly journals Relationship between Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Disorder of University Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
Tuan Nor Atiqah Syafiqah Tuan Abd Aziz ◽  
Madihah Shukri
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorders ◽  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Body Dissatisfaction ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Eating Attitudes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Oral Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pearson Correlations

This study examined the relationship between body dissatisfaction and eating disorder of undergraduate students in University Malaysia Terengganu (UMT). Using stratified random sampling technique, data from 299 respondents was gathered. Body dissatisfaction was measured using Body Shape Questionnaire while eating disorders were assessed using Eating Attitudes Test. Descriptive statistics showed that the majority of the respondents reported no symptom of body dissatisfaction. With regard to eating disorders, respondents reported low levels of dieting, bulimia and oral control, indicating that an eating disorder in this sample was somewhat low. T-test analyses showed that there were no significant gender differences in body dissatisfaction as well as in eating disorders. However, there was evidence to suggest that female respondents had slightly higher level of eating disorder than males. Results of Pearson correlations showed there was significant relationship between body dissatisfaction and total score of eating disorders, dieting, bulimia and oral control subtypes (r = .58, p <.001; r = .64, p<.001; r = .39, p<.001; r = .18, p<.001; respectively)  in that, higher level of body dissatisfaction was significantly related to increased risk of eating disorders.

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