scholarly journals Sequence analysis and mRNA expression of prolactin receptor gene isoforms in different tissues of sheep during lactation and the post-weaning period

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11868
Author(s):  
Ruochen Yang ◽  
Chunhui Duan ◽  
Yunxia Guo ◽  
Yujing Ma ◽  
Nazi Niu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Tertiary Structure ◽  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Prolactin Receptor ◽  
Protein Structures ◽  
Alpha Helix ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Random Coils ◽  
Different Tissues

Few studies on mRNA expression of the prolactin receptor (PRLR) isoforms in different tissues of sheep were reported. The objective of this study was to analyze the gene sequence and mRNA expression of PRLR isoforms in the uterus, mammary gland, ovary, spleen and lymph tissue of ewes during the lactation and post-weaning periods. Ten lactating crossbred ewes (Dorper×Hu sheep) with twin lambs were used in this study. Five ewes were chosen randomly and slaughtered at mid-lactation (35 days after lambing). The remaining five ewes were slaughtered on the 5th day after weaning. Samples of uterus, mammary gland, ovary, spleen and lymph tissue were collected from each ewe to determine the mRNA expression of long PRLR (L-PRLR) and short PRLR (S-PRLR) by RT-qPCR. The physical and chemical properties, the similarity of the nucleotides L-PRLR and S-PRLR genes and the secondary and tertiary structure of the L-PRLR and S-PRLR proteins of sheep were analyzed. The results indicated that the predicted protein molecular weights of L-PRLR and S-PRLR are 65235.36 KD and 33847.48 KD, respectively, with isoelectric points of 5.12 and 8.34, respectively. The secondary protein structures of L-PRLR and S-PRLR are different. For L-PRLR these include alpha helix, extended strand and random coils and β-turns for which the content was 16.01%, 21%, 59.55% and 3.44%, respectively, whereas the secondary protein structures of S-PRLR contain only alpha helices, extended strand and random coils, comprising 18.24%, 30.07% and 48.99%, respectively. The L-PRLR and S-PRLR genes of the sheep (Ovis aries) had nucleotide sequences showing much similarity among ruminants. In these sheep, mRNA expression of L-PRLR and S-PRLR was highest in the uterus and differed between the uterus, ovary, mammary gland, spleen and lymph tissue. The mRNA expression of L-PRLR in lymph tissue was higher during lactation than in the post-weaning period (P < 0.01), whereas mRNA expression of S-PRLR in the uterus and the mammary gland was lower during lactation than during the post-weaning period (P < 0.01). In the uterus, mRNA expression of L-PRLR was higher than that of S-PRLR during lactation (P < 0.01) but there were no significant differences (P < 0.05) for the other five tissues. This study that the L-PRLR and S-PRLR proteins in ewes are mainly composed of extended fragments and random coils. The data also indicate that mRNA expression of L-PRLR and S-PRLR genes varies among different tissues in sheep and is higher in the uterus than in the ovary, spleen, mammary gland and lymph tissue throughout lactation and the post-weaning period.

scholarly journals In Silico Structural, Functional, and Phylogenetic Analysis of Cytochrome (CYPD) Protein Family

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Hafiz Ishfaq Ahmad ◽  
Gulnaz Afzal ◽  
Adil Jamal ◽  
Shumaila Kiran ◽  
Musarrat Abbas Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tertiary Structure ◽  
Alpha Helix ◽  
Beta Sheets ◽  
Random Coil ◽  
Functional Study ◽  
Motif Analysis ◽  
Alpha Helices ◽  
Random Coils ◽  
Metabolic Reactions ◽  
Exogenous Compounds

Cytochrome (CYP) enzymes catalyze the metabolic reactions of endogenous and exogenous compounds. The superfamily of enzymes is found across many organisms, regardless of type, except for plants. Information was gathered about CYP2D enzymes through protein sequences of humans and other organisms. The secondary structure was predicted using the SOPMA. The structural and functional study of human CYP2D was conducted using ProtParam, SOPMA, Predotar 1.03, SignalP, TMHMM 2.0, and ExPASy. Most animals shared five central motifs according to motif analysis results. The tertiary structure of human CYP2D, as well as other animal species, was predicted by Phyre2. Human CYP2D proteins are heavily conserved across organisms, according to the findings. This indicates that they are descended from a single ancestor. They calculate the ratio of alpha-helices to extended strands to beta sheets to random coils. Most of the enzymes are alpha-helix, but small amounts of the random coil were also found. The data were obtained to provide us with a better understanding of mammalian proteins’ functions and evolutionary relationships.

scholarly journals Tissue-specific regulation of porcine prolactin receptor expression by estrogen, progesterone, and prolactin

2009 ◽  
Vol 202 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josephine F Trott ◽  
Katherine C Horigan ◽  
Julia M Gloviczki ◽  
Kristen M Costa ◽  
Bradley A Freking ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Prolactin Receptor ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Parallel Increase ◽  
Long Form ◽  
Specific Regulation

Prolactin (PRL) acts through its receptor (PRLR) via both endocrine and local paracrine/autocrine pathways to regulate biological processes including reproduction and lactation. We analyzed the tissue- and stage of gestation-specific regulation of PRL and PRLR expression in various tissues of pigs. Abundance of pPRLR-long form (LF) mRNA increased in the mammary gland and endometrium during gestation while in other tissues it remained constant. There was a parallel increase in the abundance of the pPRLR-LF protein in the mammary gland and endometrium during gestation. We determined the hormonal regulation of pPRLR-LF mRNA expression in various tissues from ovariectomized, hypoprolactinemic gilts given combinations of the replacement hormones estrogen (E2), progestin (P), and/or haloperidol-induced PRL. Abundance of pPRLR-LF mRNA in kidney and liver was unaffected by hormone treatments. Expression of uterine pPRLR-LF mRNA was induced by E2 whereas the effect of E2 was abolished by co-administering P. The expression of pPRLR-LF mRNA in the mammary gland stroma was induced by PRL, whereas E2 induced its expression in the epithelium. In contrast to these changes in pPRLR expression, pPRL expression was relatively constant and low during gestation in all tissues except the pituitary. Taken together, these data reveal that specific combinations of E2, P, and PRL differentially regulate pPRLR-LF expression in the endometrium and mammary glands, and that the action of PRL on its target tissues is dependent upon pPRLR-LF abundance more so than the local PRL expression.

scholarly journals Photoperiod and bromocriptine treatment effects on expression of prolactin receptor mRNA in bovine liver, mammary gland and peripheral blood lymphocytes

2003 ◽  
Vol 179 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
TL Auchtung ◽  
PE Kendall ◽  
JL Salak-Johnson ◽  
TB McFadden ◽  
GE Dahl
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Lymphocyte Proliferation ◽  
Prolactin Receptor ◽  
Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Short Days

Recent evidence suggests that photoperiod influences immune function. Interestingly, photoperiod has profound effects on concentrations of prolactin (PRL), a hormone also known to be involved in fluctuations of the immune system. However, the impact of photoperiod on PRL receptor (PRL-R) expression is poorly understood, particularly in tIssues of the immune system. Two experiments were performed to increase the general understanding of how photoperiod interacts with the immune system. Our first objective was to determine the effects of photoperiod on PRL-R mRNA expression and cellular immune function. Lymphocytes were isolated from blood collected from calves (n=10) and PRL-R mRNA expression of both long and short forms was quantified using real-time PCR. Lymphocytes expressed PRL-R mRNA, suggesting that PRL could act directly on these cells. To determine the relationship between photoperiod and PRL-R mRNA expression in other tIssues, hepatic and mammary biopsies were collected after calves were exposed to long days (LDPP; 16 h light:8 h darkness) or short days (SDPP; 8 h light:16 h darkness). Relative to LDPP, SDPP decreased circulating PRL, but increased expression of both forms of PRL-R mRNA in liver, mammary gland and lymphocytes. Short days also increased lymphocyte proliferation compared with long days. Reversal of photoperiodic treatments reversed the effects on circulating PRL, PRL-R mRNA expression and lymphocyte proliferation. Our second objective was to manipulate PRL concentration in photoperiod-treated animals, using bromocriptine. Concentrations of PRL in LDPP animals injected daily with bromocriptine for 1 week were decreased compared with LDPP controls, to a level similar to SDPP animals. Receptor expression was increased in LDPP+bromocriptine-treated animals relative to LDPP controls, as was lymphocyte proliferation. Overall, our results indicate that photoperiodic effects on PRL-R mRNA expression were inverse to those on circulating PRL, with short days stimulating expression of both forms of PRL-R mRNA. Expression of PRL-R mRNA changed in the same direction as lymphocyte proliferation with regard to photoperiod treatment, suggesting a link between photoperiodic effects on PRL sensitivity and immune function. Thus, PRL signaling may mediate photoperiodic effects on immune function.

mRNA expression of lipogenic genes in mouse mammary gland in different lactation stages

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-341
Author(s):  
Li-Qiang HAN ◽  
Hong-Ji LI ◽  
Yue-Ying WANG ◽  
Lin-Feng WANG ◽  
Guo-Qing YANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Mouse Mammary Gland ◽  
Lipogenic Genes
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