scholarly journals Integrated mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq analysis of goat fibroblasts response to Brucella Melitensis strain M5-90

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11679
Author(s):  
Baobao Li ◽  
Si Chen ◽  
Chengqiang Wang ◽  
Qiaoling Chen ◽  
Churiga Man ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Defense Mechanism ◽  
Brucella Melitensis ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Killer Cell ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Receptor Interaction ◽  
Bacterial Disease

Brucellosis is a globally zoonotic bacterial disease of humans and various animals including goats, sheep, and cattle. Brucella melitensis M5-90, a live attenuated vaccine strain, has been widely used to prevent brucellosis in goats and sheep. However, the molecular mechanisms governing protective immunity response in non-professional phagocytes infected with B. melitensis M5-90 have not been fully investigated, especially in goats. In our research, goat fibroblasts were used as in vitro models to determine these mechanisms by transcriptome analysis. After incubating with B. melitensis M5-90 3 h, the infected goat fibroblasts were collected at 0 h, 4 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h for RNA-seq. The results indicated that there were totally 11,819 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 777 differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs found in experiment groups compared with the control groups (|log2(Foldchange)|≥1, FDR<0.05). GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that down-regulated genes were involved in the riboflavin metabolism and positive regulation of IL-8 secretion pathway. The up-regulated genes were mainly involved in adaptive immunity, including TNF signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and JAK/STAT pathway. Additionally, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity and toll-like receptor signaling pathway, which associated with innate immunity pathways, were also induced. Based on the Pearson correlation coefficients and prediction results of TargetScan and miRanda, the miRNA-mRNA networks of NFKB1, IFNAR2 and IL10RB were constructed and verified in goat fibroblasts by qPCR, which demonstrated that goat fibroblasts displayed immunomodulatory properties. Our findings provide a deeper insight into the host miRNA-driven B. melitensis defense mechanism and reveal the transcriptome changes involved in the innate and adaptive immune response of the goats to B. melitensis infection.

scholarly journals Anticancer Effects of Emodin on HepG2 Cell: Evidence from Bioinformatic Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui-sheng Zhou ◽  
Xiong-Wen Wang ◽  
Qin-feng Sun ◽  
Zeng Jie Ye ◽  
Jian-wei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Hepg2 Cells ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Receptor Interaction ◽  
Pathway Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Hub Genes ◽  
Positive Regulation

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary cause of cancer-related death in the world. Despite the fact that there are many methods to treat HCC, the 5-year survival rate of HCC is still at a low level. Emodin can inhibit the growth of HCC cells invitroand invivo. However, the gene regulation of emodin in HCC has not been well studied. In our research, RNA sequencing technology was used to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in HepG2 cells induced by emodin. A total of 859 DEGs were identified, including 712 downregulated genes and 147 upregulated genes in HepG2 cells treated with emodin. We used DAVID for function and pathway enrichment analysis. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using STRING, and Cytoscape was used for module analysis. The enriched functions and pathways of the DEGs include positive regulation of apoptotic process, structural molecule activity and lipopolysaccharide binding, protein digestion and absorption, ECM-receptor interaction, complement and coagulation cascades, and MAPK signaling pathway. 25 hub genes were identified and pathway analysis revealed that these genes were mainly enriched in neuropeptide signaling pathway, inflammatory response, and positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration. Survival analysis showed that LPAR6, C5, SSTR5, GPR68, and P2RY4 may be involved in the molecular mechanisms of emodin therapy for HCC. A quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) assay showed that the mRNA levels of LPAR6, C5, SSTR5, GPR68, and P2RY4 were significantly decreased in HepG2 cells treated with emodin. In conclusion, the identified DEGs and hub genes in the present study provide new clues for further researches on the molecular mechanisms of emodin.

scholarly journals Nanopore Long-Read Transcriptomics Profiling Reveals Gene Expression Signatures of Mouse Tumor Endothelial Cells 2H-11

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Tian ◽  
Jiao Zhao ◽  
Ju Huang ◽  
Haiying Zhang ◽  
Fushun Ni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Antigen Processing ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Receptor Interaction ◽  
Glutathione Metabolism ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Mouse Tumor ◽  
Tumor Endothelial Cells

Abstract Background:Tumor endothelial cells (TECs) play an indispensable role in tumor growth and metastasis. Compared with normal endothelial cells (NECs), TECs exhibit unique phenotypic and functional heterogeneity in terms of metabolism, genetics, and transcriptomics. It is not only the key to coordinate tumor angiogenesis, but also an important factor of immune regulation in the tumor microenvironment. In recent years, the role of TECs in tumor metabolism and invasion has been continuously reported. However, the research on the mechanism behind the complex functions of TECs is still at the basic stage. We use Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) three-generation full-length transcriptome sequencing to detect all genetic structural changes in the transcriptome of mouse TECs 2H-11 and mouse NECs SVEC4-10.Results: In Tumor endothelial cells 2H-11,1847genes are up-regulated and 1202 genes are down-regulated. According to the Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), we found that different functional trends related to metabolic processes, developmental processes, localization, immune system processes, and locomotion are the main reasons for the differences. DEGs are mainly enriched in signal pathways related to cancer, immunity and metabolism, involving Pathways in cancer,Antigen processing and presentation , Proteoglycans in cancer, Focal adhesion, MAPK signaling pathway ,Protein digestion and absorption，ECM-receptor interaction，PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and Glutathione metabolism. We also obtained the structural variation of transcripts such as alternative splicing, gene fusion, and alternative polyadenylation and accurately quantified the expression of the transcript. Some of our results have been confirmed in other documents. But other data have not been reported yet, which is the focus of our future exploration.Conclusion: We try to use transcriptomics and bioinformatics methods to characterize tumor endothelial cell-related genes and signaling pathways.It could help better understand the molecular mechanisms of tumor endothelial cells involved in tumorigenesis and development. DEGs in key pathways may be potential diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets of TECs. Our data also provide useful genetic resources for improving the genome and transcriptome annotations of TECs and NECs.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Regulation of Acupuncture and Moxibustion on Ulcerative Colitis Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Zhaoqin Wang ◽  
Yan Huang ◽  
Di Wang ◽  
Rumeng Wang ◽  
Kunshan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ulcerative Colitis ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Wnt Signaling Pathway ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Acupuncture And Moxibustion

Acupuncture and moxibustion have definite clinical effects on treating ulcerative colitis (UC), but their mechanism is still unclear. To investigate the molecular mechanisms, we applied herb-partitioned moxibustion or electroacupuncture at the Tianshu (ST25) points on UC rats and used RNA sequencing to identify molecular consequences. Male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into 6 groups randomly: the normal control (NC) group, the control + herb-partitioned moxibustion (NCHM) group, the control + electroacupuncture (NCEA) group, the model (UC) group, the model + herb-partitioned moxibustion (UCHM) group, and the model + electroacupuncture (UCEA) group. Compared to the UC group, HE staining in the UCHM group and UCEA group indicated that colitis was relieved, the histopathological score and MPO were both significantly reduced, and the serum hs-CRP concentration was decreased significantly. The results of RNA-seq suggested that, compared to the NC group, 206 upregulated genes and 167 downregulated genes were identified in colon tissues from the UC group; compared to the UC group, the expression levels of some genes were both affected in the UCHM group and the UCEA group (684 differentially expressed genes were identified in the UCHM group, and 1182 differentially expressed genes were identified in the UCEA group). KEGG signal pathway analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes in the UCHM group were associated with the JAK-STAT signaling pathway and cell adhesion molecule (CAM); the differentially expressed genes in the UCEA group were associated with the NF-κB signaling pathway, the toll-like receptor signaling pathways, the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway, and the Wnt signaling pathway. This is the first study to reveal the gene expression characteristics of the anti-inflammatory effect of UC rats from the perspective of acupuncture and moxibustion control, which provide a clue for further investigation into the molecular mechanisms of UC treatment by acupuncture and moxibustion.

scholarly journals The role of andrographolide and its derivative in COVID-19 associated proteins and immune system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadu Nandan Dey ◽  
Pukar Khanal ◽  
B. M. Patil ◽  
Manish M. Wanjari ◽  
Bhavana Srivast ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Immune Modulation ◽  
Killer Cell ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Binding Energies ◽  
Gene Set Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Network Pharmacology ◽  
Receptor Interaction

Abstract Aim: In view of the strong immunomodulatory and antiviral activity of andrographolide and its derivative, the present study aimed to investigate the binding affinities of andrographolide and its derivative 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide with 3 major targets of COVID-19 i.e. 3CLpro, PLpro and spike protein followed by their gene-set enrichment analysis with special reference to immune modulation.Materials and methods: SMILES of the compounds were retrieved from DigepPred database and the proteins identified were queried in STRING to evaluate the protein-protein interaction and modulated pathways were identified concerning the KEGG database. Drug-likeness and ADMET profiles were evaluated using MolSoft and admet SAR 2.0, respectively. Molecular docking was carried using autodock 4.0.Results: Andrographolide and 14-Deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide were predicted to have a high binding affinity with papain-like protease i.e. -6.7 kcal/mol and -6.5 kcal/mol, respectively while they interact with equal binding energies with 3clpro (-6.8 kcal/mol) and spike protein (-6.9 kcal/mol). Network pharmacology analysis revealed that both compounds modulated the immune system through the regulation of chemokine signaling pathway, Rap1 signaling pathway, Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, MAPK signaling pathway, NF-kappa B signaling pathway, Rassignaling pathway, p53 signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and Natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Although the 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide scored higher drug-likeness character, it showed less potency to interaction with targeted proteins of COVID-19.Conclusion: The study suggests the strong interaction of the andrographolide and its derivative 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide against target proteins associated with COVID-19. Further, network pharmacology analysis elucidated the different pathways of immunomodulation. However, clinical research should be conducted to confirm the current findings.

scholarly journals Comparative adipose transcriptome analysis digs out genes related to fat deposition in two pig breeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Xing ◽  
Kejun Wang ◽  
Hong Ao ◽  
Shaokang Chen ◽  
Zhen Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Pig Breeds

Abstract Fatness traits are important in pigs because of their implications for fattening efficiency, meat quality, reproductive performance and immunity. Songliao black pigs and Landrace pigs show important differences in production and meat quality traits, including fatness and muscle growth. Therefore, we used a high-throughput massively parallel RNA-seq approach to identify genes differentially expressed in backfat tissue between these two breeds (six pigs in each). An average of 37.87 million reads were obtained from the 12 samples. After statistical analysis of gene expression data by edgeR, a total of 877 differentially expressed genes were detected between the two pig breeds, 205 with higher expression and 672 with lower expression in Songliao pigs. Candidate genes (LCN2, CES3, DGKB, OLR1, LEP, PGM1, PCK1, ACACB, FADS1, FADS2, MOGAT2, SREBF1, PPARGC1B) with known effects on fatness traits were included among the DEGs. A total of 1071 lncRNAs were identified, and 85 of these lncRNAs were differentially expressed, including 53 up-regulated and 32 down-regulated lncRNAs, respectively. The differentially expressed genes and lncRNAs involved in glucagon signaling pathway, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, insulin signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and so on. Integrated analysis potential trans-regulating or cis-regulating relation between DEGs and DE lncRNAs, suggested lncRNA MSTRG.2479.1 might regulate the expressed level of VLDLR affecting porcine fat metabolism. These results provide a number of candidate genes and lncRNAs potentially involved in porcine fat deposition and provide a basis for future research on the molecular mechanisms underlying in fat deposition.

scholarly journals Comprehensive analysis of miRNA–mRNA regulatory network and potential drugs in chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy across human and mouse

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiahe Wu ◽  
Jianlei Cao ◽  
Yongzhen Fan ◽  
Chenze Li ◽  
Xiaorong Hu
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Killer Cell ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Ppi Network ◽  
Hub Genes ◽  
Hub Gene ◽  
Homologous Genes ◽  
Chagasic Cardiomyopathy

Abstract Background Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC) is the leading cause of heart failure in Latin America and often causes severe inflammation and fibrosis in the heart. Studies on myocardial function and its molecular mechanisms in patients with Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy are very limited. In order to understand the development and progression of Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy and find targets for its diagnosis and treatment, the field needs to better understand the exact molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. Methods The mRNA microarray datasets GSE84796 (human) and GSE24088 (mouse) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Homologous genes between the two species were identified using the online database mining tool Biomart, followed by differential expression analysis, gene enrichment analysis and protein–protein interaction (PPI) network construction. Cytohubba plug-in of Cytoscape software was used to identify Hub gene, and miRNet was used to construct the corresponding miRNA–mRNA regulatory network. miRNA-related databases: miRDB, Targetscan and miRWalk were used to further evaluate miRNAs in the miRNA–mRNA network. Furthermore, Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) and L1000 Platform were used to identify hub gene-related drugs. Results A total of 86 homologous genes were significantly differentially expressed in the two datasets, including 73 genes with high expression and 13 genes with low expression. These differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the terms of innate immune response, signal transduction, protein binding, Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, Tuberculosis, Chemokine signaling pathway, Chagas disease and PI3K−Akt signaling pathway. The top 10 hub genes LAPTM5, LCP1, HCLS1, CORO1A, CD48, TYROBP, RAC2, ARHGDIB, FERMT3 and NCF4 were identified from the PPI network. A total of 122 miRNAs were identified to target these hub genes and 30 of them regulated two or more hub genes at the same time. miRDB, Targetscan and miRWalk were further analyzed and screened out hsa-miR-34c-5p, hsa-miR-34a-5p and hsa-miR-16-5p as miRNAs regulating these hub genes. Finally, Progesterone, Flutamide, Nimesulide, Methotrexate and Temozolomide were identified to target these hub genes and might be targeted therapies for Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. Conclusions In this study, the potential genes associated with Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy are identified and a miRNA–mRNA regulatory network is constructed. This study explores the molecular mechanisms of Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy and provides important clues for finding new therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Network Analyses of Differentially Expressed Genes in Osteoarthritis to Identify Hub Genes

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaoyan Li ◽  
Lei Zhong ◽  
Zhenwu Du ◽  
Gaoyang Chen ◽  
Jing Shang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Gene Expression Omnibus ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Receptor Interaction ◽  
Hub Genes ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Synovial Membranes

Background. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative disease in orthopedics. However, the cause and underlying molecular mechanisms are not clear. This study aims to identify the hub genes and pathways involved in the occurrence of osteoarthritis. Methods. The raw data of GSE89408 were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by R software. The DAVID database was used for pathway and gene ontology analysis, and p<0.05 and gene count >2 were set as the cut-off point. Moreover, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction was applied for exploring the hub genes in osteoarthritis. The expression levels of the top ten hub genes in knee osteoarthritis synovial membranes and controls were detected by quantitative real-time PCR system. Results. A total of 229 DEGs were identified in osteoarthritis synovial membranes compared with normal synovial membranes, including 145 upregulated and 84 downregulated differentially expressed genes. The KEGG pathway analysis results showed that up-DEGs were enriched in proteoglycans in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, chemokine signaling pathway, rheumatoid arthritis, and TNF signaling pathway, whereas down-DEGs were enriched in the PPAR signaling pathway and AMPK signaling pathway. The qRT-PCR results showed that the expression levels of ADIPOQ, IL6, and CXCR1 in the synovium of osteoarthritis were significantly increased (p <0.05).

scholarly journals Comprehensive Analysis of miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network And Potential Drugs In Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy Across Human And Mouse

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiahe Wu ◽  
Jianlei Cao ◽  
Yongzhen Fan ◽  
Chenze Li ◽  
Xiaorong Hu
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Killer Cell ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Ppi Network ◽  
Hub Genes ◽  
Hub Gene ◽  
Homologous Genes ◽  
Chagasic Cardiomyopathy

Abstract Background: Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC) is the leading cause of heart failure in Latin America and often causes severe inflammation and fibrosis in the heart. Studies on myocardial function and its molecular mechanisms in patients with Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy are very limited. In order to understand the development and progression of Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy and find targets for its diagnosis and treatment, the field needs to better understand the exact molecular mechanisms involved in these processes.Methods: The mRNA microarray datasets GSE84796 (human) and GSE24088 (mouse) were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Homologous genes between the two species were identified using the online database mining tool Biomart, followed by differential expression analysis, gene enrichment analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction. Cytohubba plug-in of Cytoscape software was used to identify Hub gene, and miRNet was used to construct the corresponding miRNA-mRNA regulatory network. Furthermore, Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) was used to identify hub gene-related drugs. Results: A total of 86 homologous genes were significantly differentially expressed in the two datasets, including 73 genes with high expression and 13 genes with low expression. These differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the terms of innate immune response, signal transduction, protein binding, Natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, Tuberculosis, Chemokine signaling pathway, Chagas disease and PI3K−Akt signaling pathway. The top 10 hub genes LAPTM5, LCP1, HCLS1, CORO1A, CD48, TYROBP, RAC2, ARHGDIB, FERMT3 and NCF4 were identified from the PPI network. A total of 122 miRNAs were identified to target these hub genes and 30 of them regulated two or more hub genes at the same time. Finally, 49 drugs, such as Gentamicins, acetamide, Isotretinoin, Nimesulide, Oxyquinoline, Quercetin and Resveratrol were identified to target these hub genes.Conclusions: In this study, the potential genes associated with Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy are identified and a miRNA-mRNA regulatory network is constructed. This study explores the molecular mechanisms of Chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy and provides important clues for finding new therapeutic targets.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Identifies Candidate Genes Related to Black-Spotted Pattern Formation in Spotted Scat (Scatophagus argus)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 765
Author(s):  
Xiaozhan Lin ◽  
Changxu Tian ◽  
Yang Huang ◽  
Hongjuan Shi ◽  
Guangli Li
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathway ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Skin Pigmentation ◽  
Wnt Signaling Pathway ◽  
Mapk Signaling ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Marine Aquaculture ◽  
Pigment Synthesis ◽  
Scatophagus Argus

Spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) is an economically important marine aquaculture and ornamental fish species in Asia, especially in southeast China. In this study, skin transcriptomes of S. argus were obtained for three types of skin, including black-spotted skin (A), non-spotted skin (B) and caudal fin (C). A total of nine complementary DNA (cDNA) libraries were obtained by Illumina sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that 1358, 2086 and 487 genes were differentially expressed between A and B, A and C, and B and C, respectively. The results revealed that there were 134 common significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and several key genes related to pigment synthesis and pigmentation, including tyrp1, mitf, pmel, slc7a2, tjp1, hsp70 and mart-1. Of these, some DEGs were associated with pigmentation-related Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, such as tyrosine metabolism, melanogenesis, the Wnt signaling pathway and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The results will facilitate understanding the molecular mechanisms of skin pigmentation differentiation in S. argus and provide valuable information for skin coloration, especially the formation of spotted patterns on other marine fish species.

scholarly journals Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Porcine Ovaries at Proestrus and Estrus Stages Using RNA-Seq Technique

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songbai Yang ◽  
Xiaolong Zhou ◽  
Yue Pei ◽  
Han Wang ◽  
Ke He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Receptor Interaction ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Kegg Pathways ◽  
Go Enrichment ◽  
Single Organism

Estrus is an important factor for the fecundity of sows, and it is involved in ovulation and hormone secretion in ovaries. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of porcine estrus, the expression patterns of ovarian mRNA at proestrus and estrus stages were analyzed using RNA sequencing technology. A total of 2,167 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified (P≤0.05, log2  Ratio≥1), of which 784 were upregulated and 1,383 were downregulated in the estrus compared with the proestrus group. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment indicated that these DEGs were mainly involved in the cellular process, single-organism process, cell and cell part, and binding and metabolic process. In addition, a pathway analysis showed that these DEGs were significantly enriched in 33 Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, including cell adhesion molecules, ECM-receptor interaction, and cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) confirmed the differential expression of 10 selected DEGs. Many of the novel candidate genes identified in this study will be valuable for understanding the molecular mechanisms of the sow estrous cycle.

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