scholarly journals Airborne transmission pathway for coastal water pollution

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11358
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Pendergraft ◽  
Derek J. Grimes ◽  
Sarah N. Giddings ◽  
Falk Feddersen ◽  
Charlotte M. Beall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Water Pollution ◽  
Coastal Water ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Coastal Pollution ◽  
Airborne Transmission ◽  
Transport Pathways ◽  
Airborne Exposure ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
The Impact

Each year, over one hundred million people become ill and tens of thousands die from exposure to viruses and bacteria from sewage transported to the ocean by rivers, estuaries, stormwater, and other coastal discharges. Water activities and seafood consumption have been emphasized as the major exposure pathways to coastal water pollution. In contrast, relatively little is known about the potential for airborne exposure to pollutants and pathogens from contaminated seawater. The Cross Surfzone/Inner-shelf Dye Exchange (CSIDE) study was a large-scale experiment designed to investigate the transport pathways of water pollution along the coast by releasing dye into the surfzone in Imperial Beach, CA. Additionally, we leveraged this ocean-focused study to investigate potential airborne transmission of coastal water pollution by collecting complementary air samples along the coast and inland. Aerial measurements tracked sea surface dye concentrations along 5+ km of coast at 2 m × 2 m resolution. Dye was detected in the air over land for the first 2 days during two of the three dye releases, as far as 668 m inland and 720 m downwind of the ocean. These coordinated water/air measurements, comparing dye concentrations in the air and upwind source waters, provide insights into the factors that lead to the water-to-air transfer of pollutants. These findings show that coastal water pollution can reach people through an airborne pathway and this needs to be taken into account when assessing the full impact of coastal ocean pollution on public health. This study sets the stage for further studies to determine the details and importance of airborne exposure to sewage-based pathogens and toxins in order to fully assess the impact of coastal pollution on public health.

scholarly journals Marsh rabbit mortalities tie pythons to the precipitous decline of mammals in the Everglades

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1805) ◽  
pp. 20150120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. McCleery ◽  
Adia Sovie ◽  
Robert N. Reed ◽  
Mark W. Cunningham ◽  
Margaret E. Hunter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Faunal Communities ◽  
Python Molurus ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
Precipitous Decline ◽  
Python Molurus Bivittatus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ecological Functioning

To address the ongoing debate over the impact of invasive species on native terrestrial wildlife, we conducted a large-scale experiment to test the hypothesis that invasive Burmese pythons ( Python molurus bivittatus ) were a cause of the precipitous decline of mammals in Everglades National Park (ENP). Evidence linking pythons to mammal declines has been indirect and there are reasons to question whether pythons, or any predator, could have caused the precipitous declines seen across a range of mammalian functional groups. Experimentally manipulating marsh rabbits, we found that pythons accounted for 77% of rabbit mortalities within 11 months of their translocation to ENP and that python predation appeared to preclude the persistence of rabbit populations in ENP. On control sites, outside of the park, no rabbits were killed by pythons and 71% of attributable marsh rabbit mortalities were classified as mammal predations. Burmese pythons pose a serious threat to the faunal communities and ecological functioning of the Greater Everglades Ecosystem, which will probably spread as python populations expand their range.

The complication of cyber manhunt: How cyber manhunt further complicated the ethical conflict between breaching the confidentiality and endangering the society in face of the COVID-19 pandemic (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yen-Chang Chen ◽  
Yen-Yuan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Public Health Intervention ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Online Activity ◽  
Contact Investigation ◽  
The Impact

UNSTRUCTURED While health care and public health workers are working on measures to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an unprecedentedly large number of people spending much more time indoors, and relying heavily on the Internet as their lifeline. What has been overlooked is the influence of the increasing online activities on public health issues. In this article, we pointed out how a large-scale online activity called cyber manhunt may threaten to offset the efficacy of contact tracing investigation, a public health intervention considered highly effective in limiting further transmission in the early stage of a highly contagious disease outbreak such as the COVID-19 pandemic. In the first section, we presented a case to show how personal information obtained from contact investigation and disclosed in part on the media provoked a vehement cyber manhunt. We then discussed the possible reasons why netizens collaborate to reveal anonymized personal information about contact investigation, and specify, from the perspective of public health and public health ethics, four problems of cyber manhunt, including the lack of legitimate public health goals, the concerns about privacy breach, the impact of misinformation, and social inequality. Based on our analysis, we concluded that more moral weight may be given to protecting one's confidentiality, especially in an era with the rapid advance of digital and information technologies.

Lessons from a Large-Scale Experiment on the Use of Smartphone Apps to Collect Travel Diary Data: The “City Logger” for the Greater Golden Horseshoe Area

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (7) ◽  
pp. 299-311
Author(s):  
Ahmadreza Faghih Imani ◽  
Chris Harding ◽  
Siva Srikukenthiran ◽  
Eric J. Miller ◽  
Khandker Nurul Habib
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Smartphone Apps ◽  
Systematic Assessment ◽  
Travel Diary ◽  
Scale Experiment ◽  
App Design ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

Smartphones offer a potential alternative to collect high-quality information on the travel patterns of individuals without burdening the respondents with reporting every detail of their travel. Smartphone apps have recently become a common tool for travel survey data collection around the world, especially for multiday surveys. However, there still exists a lack of systematic assessment of issues related to smartphone app-based surveys, such as the impact of app design or the recruitment method on the collected data. Through a large-scale experiment (named the City Logger), this paper assesses the data produced by the City Logger app, to better understand recruitment avenues (targeted invitation versus crowdsourcing), and examine differences in respondents’ travel behavior recruited through crowdsourcing methods. The paper also examines how app design, and particularly the user input method for trip validation, influences participants’ responses. The results indicate that, while crowdsourcing recruitment is promising, it might not yet be the best way to capture a true representation of the population. For app design, a combination of real-time and travel diary approaches is recommended. An ideal app would prompt users real-time and create a travel diary, so users can validate, edit, or delete the recorded information.

Communicating Public Health Advice After a Chemical Spill: Results From National Surveys in the United Kingdom and Poland

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia M. Pearce ◽  
G. James Rubin ◽  
Richard Amlôt ◽  
Simon Wessely ◽  
M. Brooke Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hazardous Substance ◽  
Crisis Communications ◽  
Public Health Preparedness ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Cost ◽  
And Coping ◽  
The Impact

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to enhance public health preparedness for incidents that involve the large-scale release of a hazardous substance by examining factors likely to influence public responses to official guidance on how to limit their exposure.MethodsAn online demographically representative survey was conducted in the United Kingdom (n = 601) and Poland (n = 602) to test the strength of association of trust in authorities, anxiety, threat, and coping appraisals with the intention to comply with advice to shelter in place following a hypothetical chemical spill. The impact of ease of compliance and style of message presentation were also examined.ResultsParticipants were more likely to comply if at home when the incident happened, but message presentation had little impact. Coping appraisals and trust were key predictors of compliance, but threat appraisals were associated with noncompliance. Anxiety was seen to promote behavioral change. UK participants were more likely to comply than Polish participants.ConclusionsSuccessful crisis communications during an emergency should aim to influence perceptions regarding the efficacy of recommended behaviors, the difficulties people may have in following advice, and perceptions about the cost of following recommended behaviors. Generic principles of crisis communication may need adaptation for national contexts. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2013;7:65-74)

scholarly journals Student Perception of Interest in Learning and its Impact on Online Learning of Public Health Study Program, University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 687-702
Author(s):  
Indah Nofita ◽  
Karimah Azzahra ◽  
Lentera Mahameru Kaffah ◽  
Nabilah Nur Haenisa ◽  
Munaya Fauziah
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Online Learning ◽  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Parental Support ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Learning System ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Motivation To Learn ◽  
Physical Point ◽  
The Impact

In Indonesia, a large-scale social restriction policy or commonly known as PSBB has been implemented to further suppress the spread of this virus in Indonesia. The education sector is changing due to the Covid-19 pandemic. The government through the Letter of the Minister of Education and Culture Number 36962 / MPK.A / HK / 2020 concerning Online Learning and Working from Home to Prevent the Spread of Covid-19 as an effort to prevent the spread of Covid-19. The Learning System has changed from face-to-face to online where this research was conducted at the Faculty of Public Health, the University of Muhammadiyah Jakarta in 2021. The objective of this study was to determine student perceptions regarding online learning during the Covid-19 period. Descriptive research method design with a qualitative approach with phenomenological methods. The sample in this study was four (4) students consisting of one second semester, one fourth semester, and two sixth semesters. This study wants to explore the phenomena experienced by students in online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. The variables studied include behavior, perception, motivation, action and some of them are grouped into learning impacts, physical linkages, infrastructure, and holistic Islamic practices experienced by students in online learning. The result from The impact of learning is that students feel less interested in learning, less effective, and less understanding. From a physical point of view, eye fatigue is felt, from facilities and infrastructure students feel signal barriers when doing online learning from parental support to support online learning and from Islamic practice in the learning process carried out by several lecturers, in terms of decreased motivation to learn students experience decreased motivation to learn, in terms of student satisfaction, they are not satisfied and want offline learning.

scholarly journals Closing the gap on institutional delivery in northern India: a case study of how integrated machine learning approaches can enable precision public health

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (10) ◽  
pp. e002340
Author(s):  
Vincent S Huang ◽  
Kasey Morris ◽  
Mokshada Jain ◽  
Banadakoppa Manjappa Ramesh ◽  
Hannah Kemp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Institutional Delivery ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Limited Resources ◽  
Precision Public Health ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Delivery Location

IntroductionMeeting ambitious global health goals with limited resources requires a precision public health (PxPH) approach. Here we describe how integrating data collection optimisation, traditional analytics and causal artificial intelligence/machine learning (ML) can be used in a use case for increasing hospital deliveries of newborns in Uttar Pradesh, India.MethodsUsing a systematic behavioural framework we designed a large-scale survey on perceptual, interpersonal and structural drivers of women’s behaviour around childbirth (n=5613). Multivariate logistic regression identified factors associated with institutional delivery (ID). Causal ML determined the cause-and-effect ordering of these factors. Variance decomposition was used to parse sources of variation in delivery location, and a supervised learning algorithm was used to distinguish population subgroups.ResultsAmong the factors found associated with ID, the causal model showed that having a delivery plan (OR=6.1, 95% CI 6.0 to 6.3), believing the hospital is safer than home (OR=5.4, 95% CI 5.1 to 5.6) and awareness of financial incentives were direct causes of ID (OR=3.4, 95% CI 3.3 to 3.5). Distance to the hospital, borrowing delivery money and the primary decision-maker were not causal. Individual-level factors contributed 69% of variance in delivery location. The segmentation analysis showed four distinct subgroups differentiated by ID risk perception, parity and planning.ConclusionThese findings generate a holistic picture of the drivers and barriers to ID in Uttar Pradesh and suggest distinct intervention points for different women. This demonstrates data optimised to identify key behavioural drivers, coupled with traditional and ML analytics, can help design a PxPH approach that maximise the impact of limited resources.

The impact of sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) on UTLS composition, local radiative effects and air quality

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan Williams ◽  
Michaela Hegglin ◽  
Patrick Jöckel ◽  
Hella Garny ◽  
Keith Shine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lower Stratosphere ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Onset Date ◽  
Identification Algorithm ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Transport Pathways ◽  
The Impact

<p>Midwinter sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs), characterised by the reversal of the temperature gradient poleward of 60°N and the 10 hPa climatological zonal mean wind from westerly to easterly at 60°N, are known to have pronounced impacts on tropospheric circulation which lead to regional changes in temperature, precipitation and other meteorological variables. Such abrupt events are furthermore known to be associated with large-scale changes in the distribution of stratospheric chemistry constituents, such as ozone (O<sub>3</sub>) and water vapour (H<sub>2</sub>O), although the implications for stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) have not been previously investigated. The evolution of O<sub>3</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O anomalies during an SSW life cycle are first examined from the surface up to 1 hPa using specified-dynamics simulations from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts – Hamburg (ECHAM)/Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model over the period 1979-2013. We show that significant positive anomalies in O<sub>3</sub> occur around the onset of an SSW in the middle to lower stratosphere, with persistence timescales of around 50 days in the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere (UTLS). Similarly, we find significant H<sub>2</sub>O anomalies in the lowermost stratosphere (± 25 %) for up to 75 days. The extent and magnitude of the anomalies are largely confirmed in both Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service (CAMS) reanalysis and ozonesonde measurements at five different Arctic stations. These chemical perturbations result in local temperature changes of up to 2 K, which may impact numerical weather prediction (NWP) of the tropospheric response to SSWs. Evaluation of the vertical residual velocity (w*) support the notion of transport changes being the driver of the temporal evolution of the anomalies. Using a stratospheric-tagged O<sub>3</sub> tracer, a signal for enhanced STE of ozone is subsequently inferred (~ 5-10 %), which is maximised around 50 days after the SSW onset date. We furthermore attempt to elucidate STE transport pathways using a tropopause fold identification algorithm applied to ERA-Interim during this period, and assess such changes in folding frequency and distribution during such events. Our results highlight that SSWs can induce significantly disturbed O<sub>3</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>O distributions in the UTLS, leading to enhanced STE of O<sub>3</sub>, with potentially significant implications for radiative fluxes, atmospheric heating rates and air quality.</p>

scholarly journals Does Coastal Local Government Competition Increase Coastal Water Pollution? Evidence from China

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (18) ◽  
pp. 6862
Author(s):  
Weiteng Shen ◽  
Qiuguang Hu ◽  
Xuan Yu ◽  
Bernadette Tadala Imwa
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Coastal Water ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Significance Test ◽  
Pressure Group ◽  
Fiscal Pressure ◽  
The Impact

China has formulated many policies and regulations for the management of the coastal water environment. However, the coastal water environment has not been significantly improved. The perspective of local government competition can provide an explanation for this phenomenon. This study uses panel data comprising 48 coastal cities in China from 2004 to 2017 as bases explore the impact of coastal local government competition on coastal water pollution by using a two-way fixed-effects panel regression model. Results show that coastal local government competition increased coastal water pollution. However, a sub-sample estimation based on fiscal pressure shows that coastal local government competition only increased the coastal water pollution of the high fiscal pressure group, and its impact on the coastal water pollution in the low financial pressure group failed to pass the significance test. In addition, sub-sample estimation based on different periods shows that the impact of coastal local government competition on coastal water pollution was not significant before 2008, but showed a significant positive impact after 2008.

Costs and Benefits of Estuarine and Coastal Pollution Control

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (5-7) ◽  
pp. 69-82
Author(s):  
D G M Roberts ◽  
P G Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Coastal Water ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Coastal Pollution ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Water Pollution Control ◽  
Improvement Measures

The background to estuarine and coastal water pollution control is described and the various costs and benefits associated with improvement measures are examined. Comparative costs associated with different engineering solutions are considered with reference to particular examples.

scholarly journals CDC Surveillance Strategy – A Strategy for Improving CDC Activities in Public Health Surveillance

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chesley Richards ◽  
Brian Lee
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Health Surveillance ◽  
Health Surveillance ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Surveillance Strategy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Health Professionals ◽  
Health Surveillance Data ◽  
The Impact

Public health surveillance guides efforts to detect and monitor disease and injuries, assess the impact of interventions and assist in the management of and recovery from large-scale public health incidents. Actions informed by surveillance information take many forms, such as policy changes, new program interventions, public communications and investments in research. Local, state and federal public health professionals, government leaders, public health partners and the public are dependent on high quality, timely and actionable public health surveillance data. This Surveillance Strategy aims to improve overall surveillance capabilities, and by extension those of the public health system at large.

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