scholarly journals Enzymatic and transcriptomic analysis reveals the essential role of carbohydrate metabolism in freesia (Freesia hybrida) corm formation

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11078
Author(s):  
Li Ma ◽  
Suqin Ding ◽  
Xueqing Fu ◽  
Zi Yan ◽  
Dongqin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Sucrose Metabolism ◽  
Transcriptomic Analysis ◽  
Critical Pathway ◽  
Freesia Hybrida

Starch and sucrose metabolism plays a crucial role in the formation and development of bulbs in bulbous plants. However, these mechanisms remain unclear and unexplored in the corms of Freesia hybrida. Herein, we investigated the dynamics of the major form of carbohydrates and related enzyme activities and profiled the transcriptome of freesia corms at four developmental stages with the aim to reveal the relation between the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and the accumulation of carbohydrates in corm developmental stages for further exploring the mechanism on the starch and sucrose metabolism regulating the formation and development of corms in F. hybrida. The content of starch, sucrose and soluble sugars followed an overall upward trend across the corm developmental stages. Activities of the adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, starch branching enzyme and β-amylase generally followed the pattern of the starch and sucrose levels. Activities of sucrose phosphate synthase increased from corm formation till the initial swelling stage and subsequently reached a plateau. Activities of invertase and sucrose synthase peaked at the later rapid swelling stage. These suggested that the starch and sucrose dynamics paralleled corm swelling under the action of metabolic enzymes. A total of 100,999 unigenes were assembled in the transcriptomic analysis, and 44,405 unigenes of them were annotated. Analysis based on Clusters of Orthologous Groups suggested that carbohydrate transport and metabolism (9.34% of the sequences) was prominent across the corm developmental process. In total 3,427 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified and the enrichment analysis detected starch and sucrose metabolism as a critical pathway in corm development, especially at the rapid swelling stage. Further, DEGs encoding key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes were identified and correlated to enzyme activities and carbohydrate accumulation. The results construct a valuable resource pool for further molecular-level studies, which are helpful for metabolic regulation of carbohydrates and improvement in F. hybrida.

scholarly journals Dynamics and Transcriptome Analysis of Starch and Sucrose Metabolism During Corm Development in Freesia Hybrida

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Ma ◽  
Suqin Ding ◽  
Zi Yan ◽  
Dongqin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Sucrose Phosphate Synthase ◽  
Sucrose Metabolism ◽  
Critical Pathway ◽  
Freesia Hybrida

Abstract Background Starch and sucrose metabolism plays a crucial role in the formation and development of bulbs in bulbous plants, which, however, remains unclear and unexplored in the corms of Freesia hybrida, one kind of famous bulbous flower. Herein, we investigated the dynamics of the major form of carbohydrates and related enzyme activities and profiled the transcriptome of freesia corms at four developmental stages with the aim to reveal the relation of starch and sucrose metabolism to corm development and the transcriptional regulation of this metabolic process.Results The content of starch, sucrose and soluble sugars followed an overall upward trend across the corm developmental stages. Activities of the adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase, starch branching enzyme and β-amylase generally followed the pattern of the starch and sucrose level. Activities of sucrose phosphate synthase increased from corm formation till the initial swelling stage and subsequently reached a plateau. Activities of invertase and sucrose synthase peaked at the later rapid swelling stage. Transcriptome analysis revealed a total of 100,999 unigenes, out of which 44,405 unigenes were annotated. Analysis based on Clusters of Orthologous Groups suggested that carbohydrate transport and metabolism (9.34% of the sequences) was prominent across the corm developmental process. Totally 3427 differentially expressed genes were identified and the enrichment analysis directed starch and sucrose metabolism a critical pathway in corm development especially at the rapid swelling stage. Genes encoding key carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes were identified and their differential expression related to corm development was explored.Conclusions The comparative transcriptome analysis discloses essential roles of starch and sucrose metabolism and the genetic mechanism related to the corm development. The results construct a valuable resource pool for further molecular-level studies, which are helpful for metabolic regulation of carbohydrates and improvement in molecular breeding of Freesia hybrida.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of the Larval and Adult Stages of Taenia pisiformis

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Wnt Signaling Pathway ◽  
Transcriptomic Analysis ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Transcriptomic Data ◽  
Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis

Taenia pisiformis is a tapeworm causing economic losses in the rabbit breeding industry worldwide. Due to the absence of genomic data, our knowledge on the developmental process of T. pisiformis is still inadequate. In this study, to better characterize differential and specific genes and pathways associated with the parasite developments, a comparative transcriptomic analysis of the larval stage (TpM) and the adult stage (TpA) of T. pisiformis was performed by Illumina RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology and de novo analysis. In total, 68,588 unigenes were assembled with an average length of 789 nucleotides (nt) and N50 of 1485 nt. Further, we identified 4093 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in TpA versus TpM, of which 3186 DEGs were upregulated and 907 were downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes (KEGG) analyses revealed that most DEGs involved in metabolic processes and Wnt signaling pathway were much more active in the TpA stage. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) validated that the expression levels of the selected 10 DEGs were consistent with those in RNA-seq, indicating that the transcriptomic data are reliable. The present study provides comparative transcriptomic data concerning two developmental stages of T. pisiformis, which will be of great value for future functional studies on the regulatory mechanisms behind adult worm pathogenesis and for developing drugs and vaccines against this important parasite.

scholarly journals Photoassimilate Regulation of Sorbitol and Sucrose Metabolism in Peach Fruit

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1116D-1116
Author(s):  
Riccardo Lo Bianco ◽  
Brunella Morandi ◽  
Mark Rieger
Keyword(s):  
Cell Division ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sucrose Metabolism ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Neutral Invertase ◽  
Photosynthetic Product ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Control

Along with sucrose, sorbitol represents the major photosynthetic product and the main form of translocated carbon in peach. The objective of the present study was to determine whether in peach fruit, sorbitol and sucrose enzyme activities are source-regulated, and more specifically modulated by sorbitol or sucrose availability. In two separate trials, peach fruit relative growth rate (RGR), enzyme activities, and carbohydrates were measured 1) at cell division stage before and after girdling of the shoot subtending the fruit; and 2) on 14 shoots with different leaf to fruit ratio (L:F) at cell division and cell expansion stages. Fruit RGR and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activity were significantly reduced by girdling, whereas sucrose synthase (SS), acid invertase (AI), and neutral invertase (NI) where equally active in girdled and control fruits on the fourth day after girdling. All major carbohydrates (sorbitol, sucrose, glucose, fructose and starch) were reduced on the fourth day after girdling. SDH activity was the only enzyme activity proportional to L:F in both fruit developmental stages. Peach fruit incubation in sorbitol for 24 hours also resulted in SDH activities higher than those of fruits incubated in buffer and similar to those of freshly extracted samples. Overall, our data provide some evidence for regulation of sorbitol metabolism, but not sucrose metabolism, by photoassimilate availability in peach fruit. In particular, sorbitol translocated to the fruit may function as a signal for modulating SDH activity.

scholarly journals Distinct Respiration and Physiological Changes during Flower Development and Senescence in Two Freesia Cultivars

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 1088-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Shu ◽  
Yimin Shi ◽  
Hongmei Qian ◽  
Yiwei Tao ◽  
Dongqin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Respiration Rate ◽  
Flower Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Flower Senescence ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Freesia Hybrida ◽  
Mda Content

Two cultivars of Freesia hybrida, ‘Shangnong Jinhuanghou’ and ‘Shangnong Hongtaige’, were used to study the respiration rate and physiological responses during flower development and senescence. Phenotypically, the vase life of ‘Shangnong Hongtaige’ was significantly shorter than that of ‘Shangnong Jinhuanghou’. At the whole flower level, both cultivars displayed similar change patterns on respiration rate. However, the change patterns in tepals, stamens, and pistils showed some differences in the two cultivars. A respiratory climacteric existed in most organs in both cultivars except for the stamen of ‘Shangnong Jinhuanghou’. During flower development and senescence, the levels of soluble proteins and soluble sugars were very high at early stages, followed by a dramatic decrease, and the lowest levels occurred in wilted tepals in both cultivars. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities increased slightly at early developmental stages followed by a constant decrease in two cultivars, and SOD activities in ‘Shangnong Jinhuanghou’ were significantly higher than those in ‘Shangnong Hongtaige’. Peroxidase activities showed a constant increase before tepals started wilting followed by a decrease in wilted tepals in both cultivars. In both cultivars, electrolytic leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in tepals increased with the progression of development and senescence. MDA content in ‘Shangnong Hongtaige’ was much higher than that in ‘Shangnong Jinhuanghou’. These results indicated that the respiratory climacteric, the decrease of antioxidant enzyme activities, the peroxidation of membrane lipid, and the loss of soluble compounds could be considered as indicators of flower senescence in Freesia.

Transcriptional identification of differentially expressed genes during the prepupal–pupal transition in the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Peirong Li ◽  
Xinru Li ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Xiaoling Tan ◽  
Xiaoqi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Kegg Pathway ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Mythimna Separata ◽  
Kegg Pathway Analysis ◽  
Oriental Armyworm ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Abstract The oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) is a serious pest of agriculture that does particular damage to Gramineae crops in Asia, Europe, and Oceania. Metamorphosis is a key developmental stage in insects, although the genes underlying the metamorphic transition in M. separata remain largely unknown. Here, we sequenced the transcriptomes of five stages; mature larvae (ML), wandering (W), and pupation (1, 5, and 10 days after pupation, designated P1, P5, and P10) to identify transition-associated genes. Four libraries were generated, with 22,884, 23,534, 26,643, and 33,238 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for the ML-vs-W, W-vs-P1, P1-vs-P5, and P5-vs-P10, respectively. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that genes regulating the biosynthesis of the membrane and integral components of the membrane, which includes the cuticular protein (CP), 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), and juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis, were enriched. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that DEGs were enriched in the metabolic pathways. Of these DEGs, thirty CP, seventeen 20E, and seven JH genes were differentially expressed across the developmental stages. For transcriptome validation, ten CP, 20E, and JH-related genes were selected and verified by real-time PCR quantitative. Collectively, our results provided a basis for further studies of the molecular mechanism of metamorphosis in M. separata.

scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis identifies differentially expressed genes in the progenies of a cross between two low phytic acid soybean mutants

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hangxia Jin ◽  
Xiaomin Yu ◽  
Qinghua Yang ◽  
Xujun Fu ◽  
Fengjie Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Phytic Acid ◽  
Differentially Expressed Genes ◽  
Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sucrose Metabolism ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Seed Developmental Stage

AbstractPhytic acid (PA) is a major antinutrient that cannot be digested by monogastric animals, but it can decrease the bioavailability of micronutrients (e.g., Zn and Fe). Lowering the PA content of crop seeds will lead to enhanced nutritional traits. Low-PA mutant crop lines carrying more than one mutated gene (lpa) have lower PA contents than mutants with a single lpa mutant gene. However, little is known about the link between PA pathway intermediates and downstream regulatory activities following the mutation of these genes in soybean. Consequently, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis using an advanced generation recombinant inbred line with low PA levels [2mlpa (mips1/ipk1)] and a sibling line with homozygous non-mutant alleles and normal PA contents [2MWT (MIPS1/IPK1)]. An RNA sequencing analysis of five seed developmental stages revealed 7945 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the 2mlpa and 2MWT seeds. Moreover, 3316 DEGs were associated with 128 metabolic and signal transduction pathways and 4980 DEGs were annotated with 345 Gene Ontology terms related to biological processes. Genes associated with PA metabolism, photosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and defense mechanisms were among the DEGs in 2mlpa. Of these genes, 36 contributed to PA metabolism, including 22 genes possibly mediating the low-PA phenotype of 2mlpa. The expression of most of the genes associated with photosynthesis (81 of 117) was down-regulated in 2mlpa at the late seed developmental stage. In contrast, the expression of three genes involved in sucrose metabolism was up-regulated at the late seed developmental stage, which might explain the high sucrose content of 2mlpa soybeans. Furthermore, 604 genes related to defense mechanisms were differentially expressed between 2mlpa and 2MWT. In this study, we detected a low PA content as well as changes to multiple metabolites in the 2mlpa mutant. These results may help elucidate the regulation of metabolic events in 2mlpa. Many genes involved in PA metabolism may contribute to the substantial decrease in the PA content and the moderate accumulation of InsP3–InsP5 in the 2mlpa mutant. The other regulated genes related to photosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, and defense mechanisms may provide additional insights into the nutritional and agronomic performance of 2mlpa seeds.

scholarly journals QTL Across Fruit Development in Red Raspberry, A Study of A Primocane X Biennial Raspberry Population.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Graham ◽  
Kay Smith ◽  
Katrin MacKenzie ◽  
Linda Milne ◽  
Nikki Jennings ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Group ◽  
Genetic Control ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Fruit Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Linkage Groups ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Ripening Process ◽  
Second Year

Abstract Background The changing climate is altering timing of key fruit ripening processes and increasing the occurrence of fruit defects. This work aimed to expand our knowledge of the genetic control of the ripening process in raspberry by examining a biennial x primocane F1 population to determine if the progeny exhibited both primocane and biennial flowering modes, which if any was dominant, and to identify QTL and genome locations associated with fruit development to understand how developmental control in this population differs from a biennial x biennial F1 population previously studied. Results The progeny from this biennial x primocane population exhibited primocane fruiting completing their lifecycle in a single season and also fruiting on second-year wood not removed in season one. QTL associated with rate of fruit development were identified on both primocane and fruiting canes with both parents impacting. Conclusions Novel QTL associated with the developmental process of primocane fruiting were identified. These in the main, differed from developmental QTL for similar developmental stages on fruiting canes (second year canes) with only one significant overlap on linkage group 6. In general, the process of development on fruiting canes overall differed from that in a biennial x biennial population, with the differences being greatest on linkage groups 3 and 6 suggesting control of development differs in the different fruiting types. Further understanding will be achieved by examining genome regions linked to QTL to allow breeding to meet climate requirements for yield stability.

scholarly journals Transcriptomic profiles of non-embryogenic and embryogenic callus cells in a highly regenerative Upland Cotton line (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Wen ◽  
Wei Li ◽  
Stephen Parris ◽  
Matthew West ◽  
John Lawson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Embryogenic Callus ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Study Gene Expression

Abstract • Background • Genotype independent transformation and whole plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis relies heavily on the intrinsic ability of a genotype to regenerate. • Results • In this study, gene expression profiles of a highly regenerable Gossypium hirsutum L. cultivar, Jin668, were analyzed at two critical developmental stages during somatic embryogenesis, non-embryogenic callus (NEC) cells and embryogenic callus (EC) cells. The rate of EC formation in Jin668 is 96%. Differential gene expression analysis revealed a total of 5,333 differentially expressed genes (DEG) with 2,534 upregulated and 2,799 downregulated in EC. A total of 144 genes were unique to NEC cells and 174 genes unique to EC. Clustering and enrichment analysis identified genes upregulated in EC that function as transcription factors/DNA binding, phytohormone response, oxidative reduction, and regulators of transcription; while genes categorized in methylation pathways were downregulated. Four key transcription factors were identified based on their sharp upregulation in EC tissue; LEAFY COTYLEDON 1 (LEC1), BABY BOOM (BBM), FUSCA (FUS3) and AGAMOUS-LIKE15 with distinguishable subgenome expression bias. • Conclusions • This comparative analysis of NEC and EC transcriptomes gives new insights into the genetic underpinnings of somatic embryogenesis in cotton.

scholarly journals Sucrose Metabolism in Plants under Drought Stress Condition: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anie Thomas ◽  
R. Beena
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Turgor Pressure ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Sucrose Metabolism ◽  
Drought Condition ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Source To Sink ◽  
Root Shoot Ratio

Drought stress reduces photosynthetic rate and leading to depletion of the energy source and lowers the yield. Under drought stress, reduced turgor pressure cause inhibition of cell elongation and impaired mitosis leads to reduction in growth rate. Role of sucrose metabolism under drought adaptation and response of plants to stress in different tissues and at different developmental stages. Cytoplasmic sucrose synthesis is more under drought condition and there is differential expression in tolerant and susceptible cultivars. Under drought condition, plant start consuming its own sink for its survival thus reducing sucrose concentration. But reduction in sucrose concentration is less in drought tolerant plants. Drought stress induced an increase of the root/shoot ratio, which was due to the increased inhibition of biomass accumulation of shoots compared to roots. Drought stress enhanced the activities of sucrose metabolic enzymes and up-regulated the expression of genes such as SPS, SuSy and INV. In addition, drought stress up-regulated the expression levels of SWEET and SUC and promoted the transport of sucrose from source to sink.

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