scholarly journals Nitrogen fertilizer reduction in combination with Azolla cover for reducing ammonia volatilization and improving nitrogen use efficiency of rice

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11077
Author(s):  
Guoying Yang ◽  
Hongting Ji ◽  
Hongjiang Liu ◽  
Yanfang Feng ◽  
Yuefang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Use Efficiency

Background Excessive nitrogen (N) application rate with low N use efficiency (NUE) caused a considerable amount of N losses, especially ammonia volatilization (AV). Proper N fertilizer reduction (RN) could significantly reduce AV. However, continuous RN led to a nutrient deficiency in the soil and therefore negatively impacted the NUE and rice yield. Paddy Azolla, a good green manure, is considered as a promising measure to decrease AV and improve NUE and grain yield of rice. However, there is limited information on the integrated effects of RN and Azolla cover on the AV, NUE, and rice yield, especially in the highly fertilized rice-growing systems. Methods The experiment was conducted including eight treatments: the control (without N fertilizer and Azolla cover), Azolla cover without N fertilizer (A), farmer’s N application rate (FN), FN + Azolla cover (FNA), 15% RN from FN (RN15), RN15 + Azolla cover (RN15A). 30% RN from FN (RN30), RN30 + Azolla cover (RN30A). The integrated effects of N fertilizer reduction and Azolla cover on AV, NUE, and rice grain was evaluated. Results RN15A and RN30A substantially reduced total AV by 50.3 and 66.9% compared with FN, respectively, primarily due to the lower surface water ammonia concentrations and pH. RN improved the efficiency of Azolla cover on reducing AV, with 4.1–9.9% higher than for FN. Compared with the FN, RN15A and RN30A enhanced apparent N recovery efficiency (ANRE) by 46.5 and 39.1%, which might be responsible for the lower NH3 emission and the increased total N uptake / total chemical N applied. Furthermore, RN15A and RN30A reduced yield-scaled volatilization by 52.3 and 64.3% than for FN, respectively. Thus, combining 15–30% RN with Azolla cover may be a way to reduce AV and improve ANRE without decreasing rice grain yield.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gas emissions and reactive nitrogen releases from rice production with simultaneous incorporation of wheat straw and nitrogen fertilizer

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 4569-4579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longlong Xia ◽  
Yongqiu Xia ◽  
Shutan Ma ◽  
Jinyang Wang ◽  
Shuwei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Ch4 Emission ◽  
Nh3 Volatilization ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Application Rate

Abstract. Impacts of simultaneous inputs of crop straw and nitrogen (N) fertilizer on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and N losses from rice production are not well understood. A 2-year field experiment was established in a rice–wheat cropping system in the Taihu Lake region (TLR) of China to evaluate the GHG intensity (GHGI) as well as reactive N intensity (NrI) of rice production with inputs of wheat straw and N fertilizer. The field experiment included five treatments of different N fertilization rates for rice production: 0 (RN0), 120 (RN120), 180 (RN180), 240 (RN240), and 300 kg N ha−1 (RN300, traditional N application rate in the TLR). Wheat straws were fully incorporated into soil before rice transplantation. The meta-analytic technique was employed to evaluate various Nr losses. Results showed that the response of rice yield to N rate successfully fitted a quadratic model, while N fertilization promoted Nr discharges exponentially (nitrous oxide emission, N leaching, and runoff) or linearly (ammonia volatilization). The GHGI of rice production ranged from 1.20 (RN240) to 1.61 kg CO2 equivalent (CO2 eq) kg−1 (RN0), while NrI varied from 2.14 (RN0) to 10.92 g N kg−1 (RN300). Methane (CH4) emission dominated the GHGI with a proportion of 70.2–88.6 % due to direct straw incorporation, while ammonia (NH3) volatilization dominated the NrI with proportion of 53.5–57.4 %. Damage costs to environment incurred by GHG and Nr releases from current rice production (RN300) accounted for 8.8 and 4.9 % of farmers' incomes, respectively. Cutting N application rate from 300 (traditional N rate) to 240 kg N ha−1 could improve rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency by 2.14 and 10.30 %, respectively, while simultaneously reducing GHGI by 13 %, NrI by 23 %, and total environmental costs by 16 %. Moreover, the reduction of 60 kg N ha−1 improved farmers' income by CNY 639 ha−1, which would provide them with an incentive to change the current N application rate. Our study suggests that GHG and Nr releases, especially for CH4 emission and NH3 volatilization, from rice production in the TLR could be further reduced, considering the current incorporation pattern of wheat straw and N fertilizer.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates can be Lowered without Compromising Cotton Yield under Drip Irrigation System

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (03) ◽  
pp. 709-714
Author(s):  
Tao Yang
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Drip Irrigation System ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Xinjiang Of China

The effects of reducing N fertilizer use on soil NO3--N content and cotton yield were studied through a three-year (2015 to 2017) field experiment in South Xinjiang of China. Cotton was sown under drip irrigation system using five N fertilizer reduction treatments as: conventional N application rate (N100), N application rate reduced by 16.67% (N-16.67), 33.33% (N-33.33), 50% (N-50), and 100% (N-100). The data were recorded for changes in soil NO3--N content, and the SPAD value of cotton leaves was recorded at the peak bolling stage. The total N content of the plant was recorded at the boll formation stage, while yield was recorded at maturity. The results revealed that the soil NO3--N content in N-16.67, N-33.33, N-50, and N-100 treatments decreased by 10.8, 45.5, 60.7 and 72.3% compared to N100 treatment, respectively. The SPAD values of N-16.67 and N-33.33 treatments were significantly higher than those of N100 treatment, while the SPAD values of N-50 and N-100 treatments were significantly decreased. The total N content of cotton was significantly decreased with the increase in the proportion of N fertilizer reduced. The seed cotton yield in N-16.67 and N-33.33 treatments increased by 9.2 and 7.9% compared to the N100 treatment, respectively. However, the cotton yield decreased significantly when the N application rate was reduced by 50 and 100%. The relationship between the N fertilizer reduction rate and cotton yield suggested that the N application rate can be reduced by 18.47–45.50% without compromising the cotton yield in South Xinjiang of China. © 2021 Friends Science Publishers

scholarly journals Greenhouse gas emissions and reactive nitrogen releases from rice production with simultaneous incorporation of wheat straw and nitrogen fertilizer

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Longlong Xia ◽  
Yongqiu Xia ◽  
Shutan Ma ◽  
Jinyang Wang ◽  
Shuwei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fertilization Rates ◽  
N Application Rate

Abstract. The impacts of simultaneous inputs of crop straw and nitrogen (N) fertilizer on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and reactive nitrogen (Nr) releases from rice production in intensive agricultural regions are not well understood. A field experiment was established in a rice–wheat cropping system in the Taihu Lake region (TLR) of China since 2013 to evaluate the GHG intensity (GHGI), Nr intensity (NrI) and environmental costs of concurrent inputs of wheat straw and N fertilizer to rice paddies. The field experiment included five treatments of different N fertilization rates for rice production: 0 (RN0), 120 (RN120), 180 (RN180), 240 (RN240) and 300 kg N ha–1 (RN300, traditional N applied rate in the TLR). Wheat straws were fully incorporated into soil before rice transplantation in all treatments. The results showed that the response of rice yield to N application rate successfully fitted a quadratic model. Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions were increased exponentially as N fertilization rates increased, while methane (CH4) emissions increased slightly with wheat straw rates increased. The estimated soil organic carbon sequestration rate varied from 129.58 (RN0) to 196.87 kg C ha−1 yr−1 (RN300). Seasonal average GHGI of rice production ranged from 1.20 (RN240) to 1.61 kg CO2-equivalent (CO2-eq) kg–1 (RN0), while NrI varied from 2.14 (RN0) to 10.92 g N kg−1 (RN300). CH4 emissions dominated GHGI with proportion of 70.2-88.6%, while ammonia (NH3) volatilization dominated NrI with proportion of 53.5-57.4% in all fertilization treatments. The damage costs to environment incurred by GHG and Nr releases from current rice production (RN300) accounted for 8.8% and 4.9% of farmer’s incomes, respectively. Cutting the traditional application rate of N fertilizer from 300 to 240 kg N ha−1 improved rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency by 2.14% and 10.30%, respectively, whilst simultaneously reduced GHGI by 13%, NrI by 23% and total environmental costs by 16%. Moreover, the reduction of 60 kg N ha−1 improved farmer’s income by 639 ¥ ha–1, which would provide them with an incentive to change their traditional N application rate. Our study suggests that GHG and Nr releases, especially the CH4 emission and NH3 volatilization, from rice production in the TLR could be further curbed, considering the current incorporation pattern of straw and N fertilizer.

scholarly journals Optimizing Water and Nitrogen Application System to Improve Nitrogen use Efficiency and Ensure Sustainable Yield of Summer Maize (Zea mays L.)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangfei Han ◽  
Lina Dong ◽  
Peng Liu ◽  
Shuting Dong ◽  
Jiwang Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ammonia Volatilization ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Sustainable Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Summer Maize ◽  
N Application ◽  
Application System ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Use Efficiency

Abstract Exploring the optimal method of water and fertilizer application and N application rate for summer maize is important for achieving the high water and N efficiency in the North China Plain. We tested that the hypothesis that optimizing water and nitrogen application system could improve nitrogen (N) use efficiency and water productivity, and ensure sustainable yield of summer maize. The results showed that: the 216 kg N ha-1 of drip irrigation (DI) and micro-sprinkling irrigation (SI) could obtain the high grain yield compared with 270 kg N ha-1 of flooding irrigation (FI), which was achieved by maintaining a high 1000-grain weight and kernel number. However, the grain yield of 162 kg N ha-1 would be decreased significantly. Irrigation methods and N application rates had significant effects on the ammonia volatilization rate and ammonia volatilization accumulation of soil, N harvest index (NHI), N partial productivity and water productivity. Compared with FI, DI and SI could reduce the ammonia volatilization rate through applying little fertilizer-N by times, and reduce the ammonia volatilization accumulation of 19.5%-54.9%. In addition, under the same irrigation method, the NHI reached the maximum when the N application rate was 216 kg ha−1. Considering comprehensively, under the condition of this experiment, 216 kg N ha−1 is the best N application rate under DI or SI for maize.

scholarly journals Optimizing plant density and nitrogen application to manipulate tiller growth and increase grain yield and nitrogen-use efficiency in winter wheat

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongqing Yang ◽  
Tie Cai ◽  
Yongli Luo ◽  
Zhenlin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Use Efficiency

The growth of wheat tillers and plant nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) will gradually deteriorate in response to high plant density and over-application of N. Therefore, in this study, a 2-year field study was conducted with three levels of plant densities (75 ×104plants ha−1, D1; 300 ×104plants ha−1, D2; 525 ×104plants ha−1, D3) and three levels of N application rates (120 kg N ha−1, N1; 240 kg N ha−1, N2; 360 kg N ha−1, N3) to determine how to optimize plant density and N application to regulate tiller growth and to assess the contribution of such measures to enhancing grain yield (GY) and NUE. The results indicated that an increase in plant density significantly increased the number of superior tillers and the number of spikes per m2(SN), resulting in a higher GY and higher partial factor productivity of applied N (PFPN). However, there was no significant difference in GY and PFPNbetween plant densities D2 and D3. Increasing the N application rate significantly increased the vascular bundle number (NVB) and area (AVB), however, excess N application (N3) did not significantly improve these parameters. N application significantly increased GY, whereas there was a significant decrease in PFPNin response to an increase in N application rate. The two years results suggested that increasing the plant density (from 75 ×104plants ha−1to 336 ×104plants ha−1) in conjunction with the application of 290 kg N ha−1N will maximize GY, and also increase PFPN(39.7 kg kg−1), compared with the application of 360 kg N ha−1N. Therefore, an appropriate combination of increased planting density with reduced N application could regulate tiller number and favor the superior tiller group, to produce wheat populations with enhanced yield and NUE.

scholarly journals Effect of different doses of Ipil-Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala) (LAM.) de wit. tree green leaf biomass on rice yield and soil chemical properties

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-394
Author(s):  
Niloy Paul ◽  
Mohammad Kamrul Hasan ◽  
Md Nasir Uddin Khan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Green Leaf ◽  
Leaf Biomass ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Total N ◽  
Different Doses

A field experiment was conducted to find out the effect of different doses of ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala ) (Lam.) de Wit. tree green leaf biomass on rice yield and soil chemical properties. Four different treatments such as T0: Recommended fertilizer dose (Urea 195 kg/ha, TSP 50 kg/ha, MOP 142 kg/ha, Gypsum 75 kg/ha and Zinc Sulphate 4 kg/ha), T1: 5 t/ha, T2: 7.5 t/ha, and T3: 10 t/ha ipil-ipil tree green leaf was used in this study in a Randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the treatment T3 was performed better than recommended fertilizer dose in case all yield contributing characters of rice except grain yield. The highest (5.29 t/ha) rice grain yield was obtained in recommended fertilizer dose followed by 10 t/ha, 7.5 t/ha and 5 t/ha ipil-ipil tree green leaf biomass amendment having 4.80, 3.16 and 2.36 t/ha respectively. The highest grain yield that was obtained from recommended fertilizer dose was 10.21% higher compared to the highest dose (10 t/ha) of ipil-ipil tree green leaf biomass. It was mentioned that among the different doses of ipil-ipil tree green leaf biomass 10 t/ha performed the best over others. The ipil-ipil tree green leaf biomass was also significantly influenced on some essential nutrient status which is very important for rice production. The highest amount of total N, available P, exchangeable K and available S were found in the treatment T3 and the lowest in the treatment T1. Therefore, it can be concluded that the ipil-ipil tree leaf has beneficial effects and could be combined with inorganic fertilizer for sustainable crop yield and maintaining soil fertility.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(3): 385-394, December 2015

scholarly journals Substituting chemical P fertilizer with organic manure: effects on double-rice yield, phosphorus use efficiency and balance in subtropical China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanhong Lu ◽  
Yajie Gao ◽  
Jun Nie ◽  
Yulin Liao ◽  
Qidong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Organic Manure ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Phosphorus Use Efficiency ◽  
Subtropical China ◽  
P Loss ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Double Rice

AbstractOrganic manure is an ideal alternative fertilizer to provide phosphorus (P) but is not fully recycled in subtropical China. In order to identify if it can replace chemical P fertilizer, a 35-year field trail in a paddy soil under double-rice cropping system was conducted to assess the effects of substituting chemical P fertilizer with pig manure (NKM) on rice yield, phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) and P balance. The N, P and K input under NKM was 1.2, 0.8 and 1.2 times of the combined chemical fertilizer treatment (NPK), respectively. The NKM treatment reached the same level of grain yield with NPK after 20 years’ application, and showed significantly 4.0% decreased double-rice grain yield compared with NPK over the 35 years. The NKM treatment reduced the crop P uptake leading to decreased PUE compared with NPK. Long-term P budget showed that NKM may result in higher potential of P loss than NPK. Thus, substituting chemical P fertilizer with organic manure under this rate of nutrient input slightly sacrificed the crop yield and may increase the P loss. Considering the benefits of soil fertility, adjusting the substitution rate with a more balanced NPK input might be alternative in subtropical China.

Effects of nitrogen application rate on soil and plant characteristics in pastures of perennial grass mixtures in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 727 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Dong ◽  
Y. Jiang ◽  
M. J. Wei ◽  
R. J. Long ◽  
Z. Z. Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Alpine Region ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Soil N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total Soil ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Total Soil N

To illustrate the effect of nitrogen (N) application on soil physical and chemical characteristics, herbage yield and quality, and nitrogen and water use efficiency in the alpine region of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, a 3-year experiment was conducted on 3 mixtures of 4 perennial grasses commonly cultivated on the Plateau, Bromus inermis (BI) + Elymus nutans (EN), BI + E. sibricus (ES) + Agropyron cristatum (AC), and BI + ES + EN + AC by applying 4 levels of N fertiliser, 0, 115, 230, and 345 kg/ha from 1998 to 2000 in a randomised design. At harvesting time, soil pH and soil dry bulk density at 0–30 cm depth did not vary with N application rate. Soil organic carbon at 0–30 cm was not significantly variable under different N rates. Total soil N at 0–30 cm increased with N application rate and application year. After 3 years’ consecutive N treatment, total soil N reached 13 g/kg at an N application rate of 345 kg/ha. Soluble soil N at 0–30 cm increased with application rate but decreased with application year. At 345 kg N/ha application rate, soluble soil N was >100 mg/kg in 1998, but decreased to around 80 mg/kg in 2000. Herbage DM yields increased linearly with the N application rate. Compared with no fertiliser, 1.5 times more DM yield in 1998 and nearly double the DM yield in 1999 and 2000 were harvested for all grass mixtures at 345 kg N/ha. N concentrations in the herbages were significantly improved by N application. Each N fertiliser rate increased N contents in grass herbages by ≈3 g organic matter/kg. Apparent nitrogen recovery (ANR) decreased with N application rate in the establishment year of 1998, but increased with N application rate in 1999 and 2000. N use efficiency (NUE) decreased with N application throughout the experiment. Precipitation use efficiency (PUE) was significantly improved by N application for each grass mixture. Positive residual N-fertiliser effects were observed on herbage DM yield, ANR, NUE, and PUE in this study. BI + ES + AC showed higher DM yields, ANR, NUE, and PUE than the other 2 grass mixtures, and thus was proposed for N-input grassland systems in the alpine region of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.

Barley yield and grain protein concentration as affected by assimilate and nitrogen availability

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 695 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Boonchoo ◽  
S. Fukai ◽  
Suzan E. Hetherington
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
N Availability ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Application Rate ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Different Growth Stages

Two types of experiments were conducted with the malting barley cv. Grimmett to examine how assimilate and nitrogen (N) availability at different growth stages determined yield and grain protein concentration (GPC) in south-east Queensland. In one series of experiments, plants were sown in April, June, and August so that they would experience different growing conditions, and responses to N application rate were examined. Another experiment examined response of growth, yield, and GPC to variation of assimilate production pre and post anthesis, caused by the canopy manipulation treatments of opening, closure, and 50% shading at 3 different growth stages. Without N application all 3 sowings produced similar yields (1·9-2·3 t/ha), but when N was applied, yield was higher and responded more to applied N in the June sowing than in the other sowings.The different responses of grain yield to N application rate among the 3 sowing dates were not due to differences in N uptake but to the efficiency of N use; with favourable temperatures throughout crop growth, the crop sown in June utilised N most eciently to develop a large number of grainsand to produce sufficient as similates to fill these grains. When yield had a positive response to low N application rates, then there was generally no response of GPC, whereas when there was no response of grain yield to further rate of N application then GPC increased. The results of the second experiment show that N uptake depended on plant N demand at early stages of growth when N was still available in the soil, but total N content of tops at maturity was similar among canopy manipulation treatments. Canopy opening at any stage of growth tended to increase tiller number, leaf area index, and above-ground dry matter, but the effect was greater attillering stage which produced the highest yield because of the greatest number of heads. Shading reduced yield at all stages, but particularly at pre-anthesis. Shading and canopy closure during grain filling reduced grain yield, but with similar N uptake these treatments significantly increased GPC .These results indicate that GPC depends on both assimilate and N availability to grain, and GPC can increase sharply when grain yield is reduced with low assimilate availability as a result of adverse growing conditions. Responses of grain yield to applied N depended on environmental conditions, particularly the patterns of air temperature during growth, and the crop utilised N more efficiently to produce higher yield when it was not exposed to extreme temperatures during the latter stages of growth.

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