scholarly journals Gut bacterial communities in the freshwater snail Planorbella trivolvis and their modification by a non-herbivorous diet

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10716
Author(s):  
Zongfu Hu ◽  
Qing Tong ◽  
Jie Chang ◽  
Jianhua Yu ◽  
Shuguo Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Freshwater Snail ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Tank ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Planorbella Trivolvis

The freshwater pulmonate snail Planorbella trivolvis is a common species in various bodies of water but is not native to China. Planorbella trivolvis usually live on diets with high fiber content, such as water grasses, algae and fallen leaves. These snails can attach to the wall of a water tank or to water grass and can be transported overseas to China through the ornamental fish trade. There are few studies investigating the intestinal microbiota of freshwater snails. In this study, using culture-independent molecular analysis, we assessed for the first time the complexity of bacterial communities in the intestines of reared snails. The intestinal microbiota in the snails fed different diets, that is, herbivorous feed (HV) with high cellulose and non-herbivorous feed (NHV) with low cellulose, were analyzed by Illumina sequencing. The results showed that the NHV-based diet significantly increased the body mass, shell diameter and specific growth rate of the snails after 60 days of rearing (P < 0.05). Histological experiments showed that the fat droplets in the epithelium columnar cells of the intestines of the NHV snails increased, and the cilia on these cells fell off. The sequencing results identified 486 and 195 OTUs in HV and NHV, respectively. Lots of bacteria were not reported previously in snails. The intestinal microbiota diversity index (Shannon, Simpson, Ace and Chao) in the NHV snails was significantly lower than that in the HV snails. The gut microbiota in the HV snails were predominantly Proteobacteria (52.97%) and Bacteroidetes (28.75%), while the gut microbiota in NHV snails were predominantly Proteobacteria (95.23%). At the genus level, Cloacibacterium (24.60%), Pseudomonas (4.47%), OM6ON (6.12%), and Rhodobacter (5.79%) were observed to be abundant in HV snails. However, Aeromonas (85.4%) was determined to be predominant in NHV snails. Functional prediction of the gut microbiome in snails by PICRUSt demonstrated a significant difference between the two groups, and the HV snails exhibited higher lignocellulose enzyme activity than did the NHV snails. This study represents a first step in characterizing the gut microbiota of the freshwater snail. Most of these microbes can process plant biomass and digest cellulose and lignocellulose, and the enzymes of these bacteria may have potential biotechnological applications in a variety of industrial processes.

scholarly journals 358 Understanding the role of the fecal bacterial microbiota in equine colic

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 94-94
Author(s):  
Dipti Pitta ◽  
Nagaraju Indugu ◽  
Meagan Hennessy ◽  
Bonnie Vecchiarelli ◽  
Holly Stewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Regulation Of Gene Expression ◽  
The Body ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Bacterial Populations ◽  
Gastrointestinal Complications ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract The horse is uniquely adapted for hindgut fermentation, and the microbiota within the hindgut contribute to immune system stimulation, protection against harmful pathogens and toxins, and regulation of gene expression within the host. Many factors, such as dietary changes, antimicrobials, pathogens, and changes in management, can perturb the microbial communities leading to gastrointestinal complications such as colitis and colic in horses. With advances in genomic tools to characterize microbiota, efforts to expand the body of knowledge on the community structure and function of equine gut microbiota in health and disease are increasing within the equine research community. Colic is an important equine disease. While epidemiological studies have identified risk factors for colic, and intestinal inflammation may play a role in some horses with recurrent colic, there are very few studies investigating the role of the intestinal microbiota in colic. We compared the microbial communities of horses admitted to the hospital for colic to those of horses admitted for an elective procedure. We found a significant difference at the community level (alpha and beta diversity) and also between individual bacterial populations. Furthermore, we also found that location of lesions in the GI tract, duration of colic (acute vs. chronic), and other factors altered the microbial ecology of the equine gut microbiota. Notably, we also investigated whether the changes in microbiota induced by colic were confounded by withholding feed. We found that withholding feed from horses for 24 h induced a significant shift in the microbiota, which reverted to normal within 12 h after the horses gained access to feed. From our experiments, it is becoming increasingly clear that colic in horses induces changes in specific bacterial populations along with generalized changes that are confounded with many other factors. Further research is needed particularly in horses with recurrent colic to determine the association between the intestinal microbiota, diet and management factors, and inflammation.

Exercise training-induced changes in the gut microbiota of Standardbred racehorses

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H.D. Janabi ◽  
A.S. Biddle ◽  
D. Klein ◽  
K.H. McKeever
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Training Group ◽  
The Body ◽  
Shannon Diversity Index ◽  
Training Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Shannon Diversity ◽  
Over Time

Exercise has a significant effect on different physiological systems in the body of human and animals. Only limited numbers of published studies in laboratory animals or humans have shown the effect of exercise on the gut microbiota, and no studies have shown this effect in horses. In this study, 8 horses (4 mares, 4 geldings) were exercise trained for 12 weeks, and 4 additional mares were used as a parallel seasonal control. To identify bacterial community changes over time for both groups, rectal faecal samples were collected, DNA was extracted, and the 16S rRNA gene (V3-V4) was sequenced using the Illumina Miseq platform. One-way ANOVA, Shannon diversity index, and Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) were used to identify differences between and among samples. The exercise training group showed significant changes in the levels of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Spirochaetes phyla (P<0.05), while there were no changes in the gut microbiota of the seasonal control group through the three months of the study (P>0.05). Moreover, with training two genera significantly changed in their relative abundance over time, namely Clostridium and Dysgonomonas (P<0.05). Dysgonomonas spp. was significantly changed in abundance during the exercise training period (P<0.05). Also Treponema spp. showed significant changes during the exercise training period (P<0.05). Shannon diversity index was decreased (P<0.05) in the exercise group at the beginning of the study, but then returned to pre-training levels. PCoA showed significant separation between time points of the exercise training group as far as the levels of genera and species (P<0.05) represented. Our results show that exercise training influences the gut microbiota, especially at the beginning of training.

scholarly journals Ameliorating DSS-induced Colitis in Mice Using a Lactobacillus Salivarius Li01 Encapsulated Delivery System (P20-026-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingfei Yao ◽  
Jingjing Chen ◽  
Lanjuan Li
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Layer By Layer ◽  
Lactobacillus Salivarius ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
16 S Rrna

Abstract Objectives The beneficial role probiotics in lowering colonic inflammation has been demonstrated previously. However, most probiotics are very susceptible to the harsh conditions during GI transit, which significantly affect their functions in the body. Here, we encapsulated the Lactobacillus salivarius Li01 (Li01) in a layer-by-layer MgO doped delivery system (LbL). Methods Li01 LbL was prepared using alginate, chitosan and MgO, and lyophilized by freeze-drying. The encapsulated Li01 was determined in vitro under simulated GI conditions. The ameliorative effect of the prepared Li01 LbL on the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice was investigated by oral gavage. Meanwhile, gut microbial variation were also detected through 16 S rRNA genes by Miseq sequencing in order to determine the correlations among probiotics, colitis and gut microbiota. Results Our results demonstrated that the Li01 LbL developed in this study improved the viability of Li01 in the GI tract as well as facilitate mucosadhesion on the intestinal surfaces, compared to non-encapsulated Li01. Notably, oral administrations of Li01 LbL reduced DSS-induced mucosal inflammation, as defined by colonic histology and expression of pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10. However, no significant difference was found between the model mice fed with free Li01 and saline buffer, which may be due to low viability of the probiotics. The 16 S rRNA sequencing results also showed an obvious increase of the bacterial abundance in the model fed with Li01 LbL, suggesting a mechanism dependent on the modulation of gut microbiota. Conclusions The encapsulation approach plays a critical role for improving efficacy of probiotics in prevention or treatment of gut microbiota-related disease. Funding Sources National Key Science and Technology Project of China (2018YFC2000500).

scholarly journals Analysis of the intestinal microbial community altered during rotavirus infection in suckling mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhao ◽  
Mei Ling Yu ◽  
XiaoLi Tao ◽  
Mei Hui Cheng ◽  
Chang Cheng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Flora ◽  
Virus Titer ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Suckling Mice ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

Abstract Background Rotavirus (RV) is a principal cause of diarrhea. However, there is a limited understanding regarding alteration of the gut microbial community structure and abundance during RV infection. This study was to characterize any potential associations between RV infection and the intestinal microbiota. Methods Suckling mice were divided into normal group (NC) and infected group (RV) randomly. All of the suckling mice were euthanized four days post-RV infection. The virus titer was counted as fluorescent focus assay, and viral load was quantified by QPCR. Five sucking mice were randomly selected from each RV group and NC group for sample collection and pathological analysis. Mixed intestinal contents of the colon and rectum were collected from all of the suckling mice. To investigate the detailed relationship between RV infection and intestinal microbiota, the composition and distribution of intestinal microbiota from suckling mice were first analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing technology. Results The results of the pathological characteristics showed that vacuolar degeneration, vasodilation, hyperemia, and destruction of the intestinal epithelium were apparent in the RV group. Representative genera from Lactobacillus and Fusobacterium were enriched in the NC group, while the Enterococcus and Escherichia/Shigella genera were enriched in the RV group. Helicobacter, Alloprevotrlla, Brevundimonas, Paenibacillus, and Parabacteroides were completely undetectable in the RV group. The predicted intestinal flora metabolic function results showed that “carbohydrate metabolism” and “lipid metabolism” pathways were significantly enriched within the NC group. A significant difference has been observed in the gut microbiota composition between the two groups. Conclusions Our results demonstrated a significant difference in the gut microbiota composition in RV-infected suckling mice as compared to the RV un-infected suckling mice group. This work may provide meaningful information regarding the bacterial genera changed during RV infection. Moreover, the changes in these bacteria may be related with the replication and pathogenesis of RV infection.

scholarly journals Bifidobacterium adolescentis Isolated from Different Hosts Modifies the Intestinal Microbiota and Displays Differential Metabolic and Immunomodulatory Properties in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1017
Author(s):  
Botao Wang ◽  
Qingmin Kong ◽  
Shumao Cui ◽  
Xiu Li ◽  
Zhennan Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Bifidobacterium Adolescentis ◽  
Elderly Humans

The incidence of obesity, which is closely associated with the gut microbiota and chronic inflammation, has rapidly increased in the past 40 years. Therefore, the probiotic-based modification of the intestinal microbiota composition has been developed as a strategy for the treatment of obesity. In this study, we selected four Bifidobacterium adolescentis strains isolated from the feces of newborn and elderly humans to investigate whether supplementation with B. adolescentis of various origins could alleviate obesity in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% energy as fat) received one of the following 14-week interventions: (i) B. adolescentis N4_N3, (ii) B. adolescentis Z25, (iii) B. adolescentis 17_3, (iv) B. adolescentis 2016_7_2, and (v) phosphate-buffered saline. The metabolic parameters, thermogenesis, and immunity of all treated mice were measured. Cecal and colonic microbial profiles were determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Intestinal concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The B. adolescentis strains isolated from the feces of elderly humans (B. adolescentis Z25, 17_3, and 2016_7_2) decreased the body weight or weight gain of mice, whilst the strain isolated from the newborn (B. adolescentis N4_N3) increased the body weight of mice. The B. adolescentis strains isolated from the elderly also increased serum leptin concentrations and induced the expression of thermogenesis- and lipid metabolism-related genes in brown adipose tissue. All the B. adolescentis strains alleviated inflammations in the spleen and brain and modified the cecal and colonic microbiota. Particularly, all strains reversed the HFD-induced depletion of Bifidobacterium and reduced the development of beta-lactam resistance. In addition, the B. adolescentis strains isolated from the elderly increased the relative abundances of potentially beneficial genera, such as Bacteroides, Parabacteroides, and Faecalibaculum. We speculate that such increased abundance of commensal bacteria may have mediated the alleviation of obesity, as B. adolescentis supplementation decreased the intestinal production of SCFAs, thereby reducing energy delivery to the host mice. Our results revealed that certain strains of B. adolescentis can alleviate obesity and modify the gut microbiota of mice. The tested strains of B. adolescentis showed different effects on lipid metabolism and immunity regulation, with these effects related to whether they had been isolated from the feces of newborn or elderly humans. This indicates that B. adolescentis from different sources may have disparate effects on host health possibly due to the transmission of origin-specific functions to the host.

DNA sequencing reveals bacterial communities in midgut and other parts of the larvae of Spodoptera exigua Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 367 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xueke Gao ◽  
Wendan Li ◽  
Junyu Luo ◽  
Lijuan Zhang ◽  
Jichao Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Host Defense ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Spodoptera Exigua ◽  
The Body ◽  
Herbivorous Insect ◽  
Agricultural Pest ◽  
Intestinal Contents ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

ABSTRACT Gut microbiota has been suggested as an important component of host defense. However, microbiota in other parts of the body have rarely been characterized. In our present work, we give a detailed view of the body of Spodoptera exigua larvae, the midgut with intestinal contents (MG), midgut excluding intestinal contents (PM), intestinal contents (IC) and remaining parts excluding the MG (RM), with the objective of revealing the complexity of microorganisms and comparing the biodiversity of the S. exigua larvae-associated microbiota. Our results provide the first evidence that third and fifth larvae samples of S. exigua were dominated by members of the phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. In addition, there were no obvious differences in relative abundances of microbiota among MG, PM and RM at the phylum level. MG3 and MG5 (nearly RM5) harbored the richest microbial community, with much higher abundance of Halomonas, Pseudomonas and Methylobacterium, respectively. Intestinal contents contained the lowest diversity and highest abundance of Enterococcus. Knowledge of the bacteria in a major herbivorous insect, such as S. exigua, can facilitate the acquisition of special biological resources for agricultural pest control.

scholarly journals Effects of Clostridium butyricum on Growth Performance, Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Barrier Function of Broilers

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjia Li ◽  
Bin Xu ◽  
Linyi Wang ◽  
Quanyou Sun ◽  
Wen Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Barrier Function ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
The Body ◽  
Clostridium Butyricum ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Significant Difference

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of Clostridium butyricum dietary supplementation on the growth, antioxidant, immune response, gut microbiota, and intestinal barrier function of broilers under high stocking density (HSD) stress. A total of 324 1-day-old Arbor Acres male broilers were randomly assigned to three treatments with six replicates, each replicate including 18 chickens (18 birds/m2). The experiment lasted 6 weeks. The three treatments were basal diet (control, CON), basal diet supplemented with 1 × 109 colony forming units (cfu)/kg C. butyricum (CB), and basal diet supplemented with 10 mg/kg virginiamycin (antibiotic, ANT). The results showed that the body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) of broilers in the CB group were significantly higher than those in the CON group in three periods (p &lt; 0.05). The total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in serum of the CB group were significantly increased compared with those in the CON and ANT groups at 42 days (p &lt; 0.05). At 42 days, the serum immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels of the CB group were significantly higher than those of the CON group. Compared with the CON group, interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the CB group was significantly decreased in the starter and grower stages (p &lt; 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the two treatment groups (p &gt; 0.05). C. butyricum significantly decreased the high stocking density-induced expression levels of IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the ileum of broilers at different stages. Additionally, C. butyricum could increase the expressions of claudin-1 and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in intestinal tissue. Moreover, C. butyricum significantly increased the Sobs and Shannon indices in the CB group compared with the ANT group (p &lt; 0.05), while the Ace index in the CB group was significantly higher than that of the CON group (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, by using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the proportion of Bacteroides in the CB group was increased compared to those in the CON and ANT groups at the genus level. In conclusion, C. butyricum supplemented into feed could improve the growth performance and feed utilization of broilers by promoting immune and intestinal barrier function and benefiting the cecal microflora.

scholarly journals Hypoxia: The “Invisible Pusher” of Gut Microbiota

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Han ◽  
Zhiyuan Pan ◽  
Guangwei Liu ◽  
Ruifu Yang ◽  
Bi Yujing
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
External Environment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Complex Relationship ◽  
Internal Environment ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
The Relationship

Oxygen is important to the human body. Cell survival and operations depend on oxygen. When the body becomes hypoxic, it affects the organs, tissues and cells and can cause irreversible damage. Hypoxia can occur under various conditions, including external environmental hypoxia and internal hypoxia. The gut microbiota plays different roles under hypoxic conditions, and its products and metabolites interact with susceptible tissues. This review was conducted to elucidate the complex relationship between hypoxia and the gut microbiota under different conditions. We describe the changes of intestinal microbiota under different hypoxic conditions: external environment and internal environment. For external environment, altitude was the mayor cause induced hypoxia. With the increase of altitude, hypoxia will become more serious, and meanwhile gut microbiota also changed obviously. Body internal environment also became hypoxia because of some diseases (such as cancer, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, even COVID-19). In addition to the disease itself, this hypoxia can also lead to changes of gut microbiota. The relationship between hypoxia and the gut microbiota are discussed under these conditions.

Beneficial effects of tea water extracts on the body weight and gut microbiota in C57BL/6J mice fed with a high-fat diet

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 2847-2860 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhui Liu ◽  
Wangjun Hao ◽  
Zouyan He ◽  
Erika Kwek ◽  
Yimin Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
The Body ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Water Extracts ◽  
Beneficial Effects

Anti-obesity activity of tea water extracts is partially mediated by altering intestinal microbiota via suppressing production of LPS and promoting production of SCFAs.

Corni Fructus as a Natural Resource Can Treat Type 2 Diabetes by Regulating Gut Microbiota

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (06) ◽  
pp. 1385-1407
Author(s):  
Dou Niu ◽  
Shujing An ◽  
Xue Chen ◽  
Huailong Bi ◽  
Qiusheng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Alcohol Extract

Accumulating evidence suggests that gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the development of metabolic diseases, especially type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The nutrient-rich resource Cornus Fructus (CF) showed curative effects on diabetes mellitus. However, the mechanism underlying its hyperglycemic activity remains obscure. Herein, the antidiabetic potential of four extracts from CF, including saponin (CTS), iridoid glycoside (CIG), tannin (CT), and alcohol extract (CCA) was evaluated in vivo. The results showed that all four extracts could increase the body weight, decrease the blood glucose levels, and elevate the glucose tolerance. Moreover, insulin sensitivity and lipid profile were significantly improved in fed mice. In the [Formula: see text]-diversity index of samples, compared to the DM group, the diversity and richness of gut microbiota in mice to a certain extent were reduced in both CF extracts and Metformin (PC). Among them, there was statistical significance in PC (ACE, [Formula: see text]) and CCA (ACE, [Formula: see text]; chao1: [Formula: see text]). Beta diversity showed the same trend as the UPGMA clustering trees, which revealed that CF extracts could improve intestinal homeostasis in T2DM mice. Also, CF extracts could elevate the production of short-chain fatty acids, as well as regulate the composition of gut microbiota. The key bacteria related to T2DM including Firmicutes, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Clostridium were modulated by metformin and CF. Altogether, CF is a potential nutrient-rich candidate that can be used in functional foods for the treatment of T2DM, and the change of gut microbiota might be a novel mechanism underlying its hyperglycemic activity.

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