scholarly journals Freshwater sponge hosts and their green algae symbionts: a tractable model to understand intracellular symbiosis

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10654
Author(s):  
Chelsea Hall ◽  
Sara Camilli ◽  
Henry Dwaah ◽  
Benjamin Kornegay ◽  
Christie Lacy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Freshwater Sponge ◽  
Freshwater Sponges ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Algal Symbionts ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Genetic Responses ◽  
Compare And Contrast

In many freshwater habitats, green algae form intracellular symbioses with a variety of heterotrophic host taxa including several species of freshwater sponge. These sponges perform important ecological roles in their habitats, and the poriferan:green algae partnerships offers unique opportunities to study the evolutionary origins and ecological persistence of endosymbioses. We examined the association between Ephydatia muelleri and its chlorophyte partner to identify features of host cellular and genetic responses to the presence of intracellular algal partners. Chlorella-like green algal symbionts were isolated from field-collected adult E. muelleri tissue harboring algae. The sponge-derived algae were successfully cultured and subsequently used to reinfect aposymbiotic E. muelleri tissue. We used confocal microscopy to follow the fate of the sponge-derived algae after inoculating algae-free E. muelleri grown from gemmules to show temporal patterns of symbiont location within host tissue. We also infected aposymbiotic E. muelleri with sponge-derived algae, and performed RNASeq to study differential expression patterns in the host relative to symbiotic states. We compare and contrast our findings with work in other systems (e.g., endosymbiotic Hydra) to explore possible conserved evolutionary pathways that may lead to stable mutualistic endosymbioses. Our work demonstrates that freshwater sponges offer many tractable qualities to study features of intracellular occupancy and thus meet criteria desired for a model system.

scholarly journals Freshwater sponge hosts and their green algae symbionts: a tractable model to understand intracellular symbiosis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chelsea Hall ◽  
Sara Camilli ◽  
Henry Dwaah ◽  
Benjamin Kornegay ◽  
Christine A. Lacy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Freshwater Sponge ◽  
Freshwater Sponges ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Algal Symbionts ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Genetic Responses ◽  
Compare And Contrast

AbstractIn many freshwater habitats, green algae form intracellular symbioses with a variety of heterotrophic host taxa including several species of freshwater sponge. These sponges perform important ecological roles in their habitats, and the poriferan:green algae partnerships offers unique opportunities to study the evolutionary origins and ecological persistence of endosymbioses. We examined the association between Ephydatia muelleri and its chlorophyte partner to identify features of host cellular and genetic responses to the presence of intracellular algal partners. Chlorella-like green algal symbionts were isolated from field-collected adult E. muelleri tissue harboring algae. The sponge-derived algae were successfully cultured and subsequently used to reinfect aposymbiotic E. muelleri tissue. We used confocal microscopy to follow the fate of the sponge-derived algae after inoculating algae-free E. muelleri grown from gemmules to show temporal patterns of symbiont location within host tissue. We also infected aposymbiotic E. muelleri with sponge-derived algae, and performed RNASeq to study differential expression patterns in the host relative to symbiotic states. We compare and contrast our findings with work in other systems (e.g., endosymbiotic Hydra) to explore possible conserved evolutionary pathways that may lead to stable mutualistic endosymbioses. Our work demonstrates that freshwater sponges offer many tractable qualities to study features of intracellular occupancy and thus meet criteria desired for a model system.

scholarly journals Insights into early stages of the establishment of host:algal endosymbioses: Genetic responses to live versus heat-killed algae and bacterial prey in a sponge host

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Camilli ◽  
Vasiliki Koutsouveli ◽  
Chelsea Hall ◽  
Lillian Chang ◽  
Oriol Sacristan-Soriano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Algal Symbionts ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
Genetic Responses

The freshwater sponge Ephydatia muelleri and its Chlorella-like green algal partner is an emerging model for studying animal:algal endosymbiosis. The sponge host is a highly tractable laboratory organism, and the symbiotic algae are easily cultured. We took advantage of these traits to experimentally interrogate fundamental questions about cellular mechanisms that govern the establishment of durable intracellular partnerships between hosts and symbionts in facultative symbioses. We modified a classical experimental approach to discern the phagocytotic mechanisms that might be co-opted to permit persistent infections, and identified genes differentially expressed in E. muelleri sponges early in the establishment of endosymbiosis. We exposed algal-free E. muelleri to live native algal symbionts, native heat-killed algae, and bacteria, and then performed RNASeq so we could compare patterns of gene expression in each treatment. We contrasted differential gene expression patterns between potential food items (bacteria and heat-killed algae) and the live native Chlorella-like symbiont. We found a relatively small but interesting suite of genes that are uniquely and differentially expressed in the host exposed to live algal symbionts, and a larger number of genes uniquely triggered by host exposure to heat-killed algae. One of the host genes, an ABC transporter that is downregulated in response to live algal symbionts, was further evaluated for its possible role in establishment of the algal symbiosis. We discuss the gene expression profiles associated with host responses to living algal cells in the context of conditions necessary for long-term residency within host cells by phototrophic symbionts as well as the genetic responses to sponge phagocytosis and immune driven pathways.

scholarly journals Choricystis and Lewiniosphaera gen. nov. (Trebouxiophyceae Chlorophyta), two different green algal endosymbionts in freshwater sponges

Symbiosis ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-188
Author(s):  
Thomas Pröschold ◽  
Tatyana Darienko
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Freshwater Sponges ◽  
Culture Collections ◽  
Rdna Sequences ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
Long Time ◽  
A New Species

Associations of freshwater sponges with coccoid green algae have been known for a long time. Two types of coccoid green algae, which are commonly assigned as zoochlorellae, are recognized by morphology: small coccoids (< 3 μm) without pyrenoids and larger Chlorella-like algae (4–6 μm) with pyrenoids. Despite their wide distribution in some freshwater sponges, these green algae were never studied using a combined analysis of morphology and molecular phylogeny. We investigated several endosymbiotic strains isolated from different Spongilla species, which were available in culture collections. Phylogenetic analyses of SSU and ITS rDNA sequences revealed that the strain SAG 211-40a is a member of the Chlorellaceae and represents a new species of the newly erected genus Lewiniosphaera, L symbiontica. The phylogenetic position was confirmed by morphology and ITS-2 barcode. The endosymbionts without pyrenoid were identified as Choricystis parasitica by morphology and phylogenetic analyses. The comparison with free-living strains revealed the recognition of two new Choricystis species, C. krienitzii and C. limnetica, which were confirmed by molecular signatures in V9 region of SSU rDNA and ITS-2 barcode.

scholarly journals Discovery of the freshwater sponge genus Corvospongilla Annandale (Porifera: Spongillida) in Australia with the description of a new species and phylogeographic implications

Limnology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Manconi ◽  
Dirk Erpenbeck ◽  
Jane Fromont ◽  
Gert Wörheide ◽  
Roberto Pronzato
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
Freshwater Sponge ◽  
Freshwater Sponges ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Biogeographic Patterns ◽  
Hydrographic Basin ◽  
Integrative Systematics ◽  
North Western ◽  
A New Species

AbstractA recent discovery of freshwater sponges in an unexplored hydrographic basin in north-western Australia provided the opportunity to investigate the genus Corvospongilla Annandale (Spongillida: Spongillidae) using integrative systematics. Emendation of the genus diagnosis is provided. A comparative analysis of a Corvospongilla global dataset of morphological traits together with biogeographic patterns disclosed a new Australasian Corvospongilla species and along with molecular analyses provided the basis for a phylogenetic and phylogeographic tree for some Asian, Afrotropical and Australasian lineages.

Diagnosis and management of green algae in low land paddy fields of Cauvery delta zone, Tamil Nadu

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
M Jeya Bharathi ◽  
M Raju ◽  
S Elamathi
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Rice Root ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Alternate Wetting And Drying ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
Algae Growth ◽  
Cauvery Delta ◽  
Soil And Water

Rice is a prime food crop for Asian countries. Wet land rice cultivation contributes maximum grain yield than dry land rice. Cauvery delta is a predominant area for rice cultivation in Tamil Nadu. Green algae growth during Kuruvai (June -August) season is a serious problem in wet land rice. These algae growth create anaerobic condition and prevent rice root respiration. The entire rice root was uprooted and floated on the stagnated water during initial stage. There is no preliminary study for green algae control in rice field. Soil and water samples were collected and analyzed for the nature of occurrence. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to find out the remedial measures. The results of soil and water sample analysis showed that use of bore well water and dumping of phosphatic fertilizers leads to salt accumulation which favours the green algal growth. The results of the laboratory experiment revealed that the CuSO4 londox power, propiconazole and hexaconazole showed moderate inhibition on 5th day after treatment. The findings from field experiment indicated that use of conoweeder, alternate wetting and drying and CuSo4 drenching @ of 2.5 kg/ha when green algae appearance has just noticed or 5.0 kg/ha when severe growth occurred was effective in managing the green algae. Among all measures, alternate wetting and drying is the best management practices. CuSO4 drenching reduces around 70% of the growth. Even though CuSO4 react negatively with algae growth, soil pH changes and salt concentration play a major role on the CuSO4 action towards green algae. In order to maintain soil health condition, biofertilizer application, crop rotation, green manure trampling to be practised to recover the soil from alkaline pH, removal of accumulated salt and to control the algae growth using CuSO4.

scholarly journals PEMISAHAN ION KROM(III) DAN KROM(IV) DALAM LARUTAN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN BIOMASSA ALGA HIJAU SPIROGYRA SUBSALSA SEBAGAI BIOSORBEN

REAKTOR ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
M Mawardi ◽  
Edison Munaf ◽  
Soleh Kosela ◽  
Widayanti Wibowo
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Metal Ion ◽  
Algal Biomass ◽  
Absorption Capacity ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Phosphorus Compounds ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Algae Biomass ◽  
Isotherm Equation ◽  
Green Algal

Karakteristik pemisahan ion Cr3+ dan Cr6+ dalam larutan melalui proses biosorpsi menggunakan biomassa alga hijau Spirogyra subsalsa dengan sistem batch telah diteliti. Dalam pelaksanaannya diawali dengan melakukan analisis kualitatif gugus fungsi dalam biomassa menggunakan instrumen FTIR, kemudian dipelajari karakteristik pengaruh variabel pH awal larutan, ukuran partikel biosorben, kecepatan pengadukan, pengaruh pemanasan biosorben, laju penyerapan, pengaruh konsentrasi larutan ion logam terhadap kapasitas serapan biomassa alga. Berdasarkan spektra spektroskopi FTIR dapat disimpulkan bahwa  biomassa alga hijau S. Subsalsa mengandung gugus-gugus karboksilat, amina, amida, amino, karbonil dan hidroksil, disamping adanya senyawa silikon, belerang dan fosfor. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh  memperlihatkan bahwa kapasitas biosorpsi sangat dipengaruhi oleh pH larutan, waktu kontak dan konsentrasi awal larutan. Biosorpsi optimum kation Cr3+ terjadi pada pH 4,0 sedangkan ion Cr6+ terjadi pada pH 2,0 kemudian berkurang dejalan dengan naiknya pH larutan. Perhitungan dengan persamaan Isoterm Langmuir diperoleh data kapasitas serapan maksimum biomassa alga S. subsalsa untuk masing-masing ion Cr3+ dan Cr6+ adalah 1,82 mg (0,035 mmol) dan 1,51 mg (0,029 mmol) per gram biomassa kering. Kinetika biosorpsi berlangsung relatif cepat, dimana selama selang waktu 30 menit, masing-masing ion terserap sekitar 95,7%; dan 86,5%. Daya serap biomassa juga dipengaruhi kecepatan pengadukan, sedangkan faktor ukuran partikel dan pemanasan biosorben kurang mempengaruhi daya serap biomassa. Key Word : biosorpsi, spirogyra subsalsa, krom(III), krom(VI), sistem batchAbstract Separation of Ion Chromium(III) and Chromium(IV) In Solution Using Green Algae Biomass Spirogyra subsalsa as Biosorbent. The characteristics of Cr3+andCr6+ ion separation in solution through biosorption process using green algal biomass Spirogyrasubsalsa with batch systems have been investigated. The study began with aqualitative analysis of functional groups in biomass using FTIR instrument, then followed by a study of the characteristics of influences by several variables, such as: the initial pH of the solution,the size of biosorben particles, stirring speed, the effect of heating the biosorben, the rate of absorption, and the effect of metal ion concentration in solution on the absorption capacity of algal biomass. Based on FTIR spectroscopy spectra gave a conclusion that biomass of green algae S.subsalsa contains carboxylate groups, amine, amide, amino, carbonyl and hydroxyl, in addition to silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus compounds. The results showed that the biosorption capacity was strongly influenced by pH, contact time, and initial concentration ofthe solution. The optimum biosorption of Cr3+cation occurred at pH 4.0 while that of Cr6+ions occurred at pH 2.0 and then decreased with the increasing pH of solution. The calculation of Langmuir isotherm equation showed that the maximum absorption capacity of algal biomass S.subsalsa for Cr3+and Cr6+ ion respectively was 1.82mg (0.035 mmol) and 1.51 mg (0.029 mmol) pergram of dry biomass. The kinetics of biosorption took place relatively quick, in which during the 30minutes time interval, each ion was absorbed approximately 95.7%; and 86.5%. The absorptive capacity of biomass was also influenced by stirring speed, while the size of particles and heating biosorben gave lessinfluence to the absorption of biomass.

scholarly journals PHARMACEUTICAL POTENTIAL OF LABORATORY GROWN CULTURES OF BLUE-GREEN ALGAE: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW AND FUTURE POSSIBILITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 543-571
Author(s):  
Ritu Chauhan ◽  
◽  
Abhishek Chauhan ◽  
Ashutosh Tripathi ◽  
Anuj Ranjan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Primary And Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Green Algal ◽  
Algal Group ◽  
Diverse Application

COVID-19 pandemic has taught the world researchers the urgent need for new sources and novel pharmaceuticals not only for existing diseases but also for both seasonal epidemics and future pandemics. Pharmaceutical drug discoveries for the past fifty years depended deeply on the procedure of empirical transmission of a huge number of pure bioactive compounds to provide new leads. The screening of extracts or isolating compounds is a common way to discover novel biologically active molecules. Most of the valuable Blue-Green algal metabolites are concentrated in their biomass. For existence in nature, Blue-Green algae (BGA) secrete and contain various organic substances like proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, pigments, primary and secondary metabolites, and these compounds are explored for potential biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral (including the anti-SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19), anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, protease inhibitory activity, anti-inflammatory activity, etc. Due to their diverse application, pharmaceutical companies have shown commercial interest in the Blue-green algal group for the discovery and development of novel molecules to combat deadly diseases for the benefit of society and mankind. The current review paper highlights and discusses the diverse pharmaceutical potential of laboratory-grown cultures of BGA along with comprehensive and current knowledge on bioactive compounds discovered by researchers globally.

scholarly journals Colocality to Cofunctionality: Eukaryotic Gene Neighborhoods as a Resource for Function Discovery

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatima Foflonker ◽  
Crysten E Blaby-Haas
Keyword(s):  
Green Algae ◽  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Phosphoglycerate Kinase ◽  
Orthologous Gene ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Eukaryotic Gene ◽  
Arsenic Detoxification ◽  
Function Discovery

Abstract Diverging from the classic paradigm of random gene order in eukaryotes, gene proximity can be leveraged to systematically identify functionally related gene neighborhoods in eukaryotes, utilizing techniques pioneered in bacteria. Current methods of identifying gene neighborhoods typically rely on sequence similarity to characterized gene products. However, this approach is not robust for nonmodel organisms like algae, which are evolutionarily distant from well-characterized model organisms. Here, we utilize a comparative genomic approach to identify evolutionarily conserved proximal orthologous gene pairs conserved across at least two taxonomic classes of green algae. A total of 317 gene neighborhoods were identified. In some cases, gene proximity appears to have been conserved since before the streptophyte–chlorophyte split, 1,000 Ma. Using functional inferences derived from reconstructed evolutionary relationships, we identified several novel functional clusters. A putative mycosporine-like amino acid, “sunscreen,” neighborhood contains genes similar to either vertebrate or cyanobacterial pathways, suggesting a novel mosaic biosynthetic pathway in green algae. One of two putative arsenic-detoxification neighborhoods includes an organoarsenical transporter (ArsJ), a glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase-like gene, homologs of which are involved in arsenic detoxification in bacteria, and a novel algal-specific phosphoglycerate kinase-like gene. Mutants of the ArsJ-like transporter and phosphoglycerate kinase-like genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii were found to be sensitive to arsenate, providing experimental support for the role of these identified neighbors in resistance to arsenate. Potential evolutionary origins of neighborhoods are discussed, and updated annotations for formerly poorly annotated genes are presented, highlighting the potential of this strategy for functional annotation.

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