scholarly journals bmd: an R package for benchmark dose estimation

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10557
Author(s):  
Signe M. Jensen ◽  
Felix M. Kluxen ◽  
Jens C. Streibig ◽  
Nina Cedergreen ◽  
Christian Ritz
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Model Averaging ◽  
R Package ◽  
Benchmark Dose ◽  
Dose Estimation ◽  
Response Models ◽  
Hazard Characterization ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Extension Package

The benchmark dose (BMD) methodology is used to derive a hazard characterization measure for risk assessment in toxicology or ecotoxicology. The present paper’s objective is to introduce the R extension package bmd, which facilitates the estimation of BMD and the benchmark dose lower limit for a wide range of dose-response models via the popular package drc. It allows using the most current statistical methods for BMD estimation, including model averaging. The package bmd can be used for BMD estimation for binomial, continuous, and count data in a simple set up or from complex hierarchical designs and is introduced using four examples. While there are other stand-alone software solutions available to estimate BMDs, the package bmd facilitates easy estimation within the established and flexible statistical environment R. It allows the rapid implementation of available, novel, and future statistical methods and the integration of other statistical analyses.

Bayesian model averaging for benchmark dose estimation

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Simmons ◽  
Cuixian Chen ◽  
Xiaosong Li ◽  
Yishi Wang ◽  
Walter W. Piegorsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Bayesian Model Averaging ◽  
Model Averaging ◽  
Benchmark Dose ◽  
Dose Estimation

Settlers or Movers? The Temporality of Past Migrations, Political Inaction and its Consequences, 1945–1985

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jozefien De Bock
Keyword(s):  
Temporary Workers ◽  
Guest Workers ◽  
Temporary Migration ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Settler Societies ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Temporary Migrants ◽  
Multicultural Policies

Historically, those societies that have the longest tradition in multicultural policies are settler societies. The question of how to deal with temporary migrants has only recently aroused their interest. In Europe, temporary migration programmes have a much longer history. In the period after WWII, a wide range of legal frameworks were set up to import temporary workers, who came to be known as guest workers. In the end, many of these ‘guests’ settled in Europe permanently. Their presence lay at the basis of European multicultural policies. However, when these policies were drafted, the former mobility of guest workers had been forgotten. This chapter will focus on this mobility of initially temporary workers, comparing the period of economic growth 1945-1974 with the years after the 1974 economic crisis. Further, it will look at the kind of policies that were developed towards guest workers in the era before multiculturalism. This way, it shows how their consideration as temporary residents had far-reaching consequences for the immigrants, their descendants and the receiving societies involved. The chapter will finish by suggesting a number of lessons from the past. If the mobility-gap between guest workers and present-day migrants is not as big as generally assumed, then the consequences of previous neglect should serve as a warning for future policy making.

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