scholarly journals MAC protocol with grouping awareness GMAC for large scale Internet-of-Things network

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e733
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman Sameer Sadeq ◽  
Rosilah Hassan ◽  
Azana Hafizah Mohd Aman ◽  
Hasimi Sallehudin ◽  
Khalid Allehaibi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Two Stages

The development of Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols for Internet of Things should consider various aspects such as energy saving, scalability for a wide number of nodes, and grouping awareness. Although numerous protocols consider these aspects in the limited view of handling the medium access, the proposed Grouping MAC (GMAC) exploits prior knowledge of geographic node distribution in the environment and their priority levels. Such awareness enables GMAC to significantly reduce the number of collisions and prolong the network lifetime. GMAC is developed on the basis of five cycles that manage data transmission between sensors and cluster head and between cluster head and sink. These two stages of communication increase the efficiency of energy consumption for transmitting packets. In addition, GMAC contains slot decomposition and assignment based on node priority, and, therefore, is a grouping-aware protocol. Compared with standard benchmarks IEEE 802.15.4 and industrial automation standard 100.11a and user-defined grouping, GMAC protocols generate a Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) higher than 90%, whereas the PDR of benchmark is as low as 75% in some scenarios and 30% in others. In addition, the GMAC accomplishes lower end-to-end (e2e) delay than the least e2e delay of IEEE with a difference of 3 s. Regarding energy consumption, the consumed energy is 28.1 W/h for GMAC-IEEE Energy Aware (EA) and GMAC-IEEE, which is less than that for IEEE 802.15.4 (578 W/h) in certain scenarios.

Designing and Implementing a Lightweight WSN MAC Protocol for Smart Home Networking Applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (03) ◽  
pp. 1750043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Han Chen ◽  
Ming-Yi Lin ◽  
Wen-Hung Lin
Keyword(s):  
Smart Home ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Packet Delivery

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) represent a promising solution in the fields of the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine-to-machine networks for smart home applications. However, to feasibly deploy wireless sensor devices in a smart home environment, four key requirements must be satisfied: stability, compatibility, reliability routing, and performance and power balance. In this study, we focus on the unreliability problem of the IEEE 802.15.4 WSN medium access control (MAC), which is caused by the contention-based MAC protocol used for channel access. This problem results in a low packet delivery ratio, particularly in a smart home network with only a few sensor nodes. In this paper, we first propose a lightweight WSN protocol for a smart home or an intelligent building, thus replacing the IEEE 802.15.4 protocol, which is highly complex and has a low packet delivery ratio. Subsequently, we describe the development of a discrete event system model for the WSN by using a GRAFCET and propose a development platform based on a reconfigurable FPGA for reducing fabrication cost and time. Finally, a prototype WSN controller ASIC chip without an extra CPU and with our proposed lightweight MAC was developed and tested. It enhanced the packet delivery ratio by up to 100%.

scholarly journals Energy Consumption Behaviors of 802.11 and S-MAC: Implementation on NS2.35

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.16) ◽  
pp. 81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meena Malik ◽  
Mukesh Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Power Efficient ◽  
Innovative Methods

The Sensor technology has made encouraging trends in the field of wireless Networks by its innovative methods and adaptability. The  fundamental issue for wireless sensor networks (WSN) is to minimize energy consumption at each node due to restricted energy source.   The sensor nodes generally get random deployment and  need cooperation to accomplish specific operation in the network like  monitoring or  tracking any target in the environment. Due to limited power source nodes need careful use of energy resources. This work targets on simulating the power consumption behavior and analyzing the performance of 802.11 and S-MAC protocol for medium access control layer in wireless networks. S-MAC improves energy consumption by allocating bandwidth in efficient manner and  avoiding causes of energy waste. After simulation, it was found that S-MAC is Power-Efficient over 802.11 without losing on the performance using NS-2.35. The paper mainly emphasize on representing the plot for energy matrices along with throughput, delay and packet delivery ratio.  

scholarly journals Energy Efficient Mobility Aware Clustering Hybrid MAC Protocol in WSN

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 4900-4904
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Synchronous Communication ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Transmission Stage

Mobility in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) poses many challenges to design Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol. In this paper, Energy efficient clustering Mobility Hybrid MAC (EMH-MAC) protocol is introduces to manage throughput, delay and energy consumption in WSN. EMH-MAC protocol merges the features of synchronous and asynchronous MAC protocols. EMH-MAC works in two stages: Clustering and Data transmission stage. In the clustering stage MMCDD protocol is used for election of Cluster Head (CH). Data transmission stage works in four segments: two-hop neighbor information, intra-semi synchronous, inter-synchronous communication and data transfer. EMH-MAC is evaluated using Network Simulator-3 and performance is compared with BN-MAC. Simulation results show that EMH-MAC performs well in comparison with BN-MAC in terms of throughput, delay and energy consumption by varying number of nodes and speed of nodes.

Interference mitigation in point to point wireless sensor networks using LSP protocol and time division multiplexing approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 5449-5458
Author(s):  
A. Arokiaraj Jovith ◽  
S.V. Kasmir Raja ◽  
A. Razia Sulthana
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Parameter ◽  
Interference Mitigation ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Point To Point ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Time Division ◽  
And Control

Interference in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) predominantly affects the performance of the WSN. Energy consumption in WSN is one of the greatest concerns in the current generation. This work presents an approach for interference measurement and interference mitigation in point to point network. The nodes are distributed in the network and interference is measured by grouping the nodes in the region of a specific diameter. Hence this approach is scalable and isextended to large scale WSN. Interference is measured in two stages. In the first stage, interference is overcome by allocating time slots to the node stations in Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) fashion. The node area is split into larger regions and smaller regions. The time slots are allocated to smaller regions in TDMA fashion. A TDMA based time slot allocation algorithm is proposed in this paper to enable reuse of timeslots with minimal interference between smaller regions. In the second stage, the network density and control parameter is introduced to reduce interference in a minor level within smaller node regions. The algorithm issimulated and the system is tested with varying control parameter. The node-level interference and the energy dissipation at nodes are captured by varying the node density of the network. The results indicate that the proposed approach measures the interference and mitigates with minimal energy consumption at nodes and with less overhead transmission.

scholarly journals Analysis and Enhancement of IEEE 802.15.4e DSME Beacon Scheduling Model

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwang-il Hwang ◽  
Sung-wook Nam
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4 ◽  
Design Model ◽  
Abstract Model ◽  
Modes Of Operation ◽  
Network Construction ◽  
Scheduling Model ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Ieee 802.15.4E

In order to construct a successful Internet of things (IoT), reliable network construction and maintenance in a sensor domain should be supported. However, IEEE 802.15.4, which is the most representative wireless standard for IoT, still has problems in constructing a large-scale sensor network, such as beacon collision. To overcome some problems in IEEE 802.15.4, the 15.4e task group proposed various different modes of operation. Particularly, the IEEE 802.15.4e deterministic and synchronous multichannel extension (DSME) mode presents a novel scheduling model to solve beacon collision problems. However, the DSME model specified in the 15.4e draft does not present a concrete design model but a conceptual abstract model. Therefore, in this paper we introduce a DSME beacon scheduling model and present a concrete design model. Furthermore, validity and performance of DSME are evaluated through experiments. Based on experiment results, we analyze the problems and limitations of DSME, present solutions step by step, and finally propose an enhanced DSME beacon scheduling model. Through additional experiments, we prove the performance superiority of enhanced DSME.

scholarly journals Energy management in sensor networks

2012 ◽  
Vol 370 (1958) ◽  
pp. 52-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Stankovic ◽  
Tian He
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Time Synchronization ◽  
Media Access Control ◽  
Media Access ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Holistic View

This paper presents a holistic view of energy management in sensor networks. We first discuss hardware designs that support the life cycle of energy, namely: (i) energy harvesting, (ii) energy storage and (iii) energy consumption and control. Then, we discuss individual software designs that manage energy consumption in sensor networks. These energy-aware designs include media access control, routing, localization and time-synchronization. At the end of this paper, we present a case study of the VigilNet system to explain how to integrate various types of energy management techniques to achieve collaborative energy savings in a large-scale deployed military surveillance system.

Performance study and critical review on energy aware routing protocols in mobile sink based WSNs

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aparna Ashok Kamble ◽  
Balaji Madhavrao Patil
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Mobile Sink ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Energy Aware Routing

Abstract Wireless networks involve spatially extended independent sensor nodes, and it is associated with each other’s to preserve and identify physical and environmental conditions of the particular application. The sensor nodes batteries are equipped with restricted energy for working with an energy source. Consequently, efficient energy consumption is themain important challenge in wireless networks, and it is outfitted witharestricted power storage capacity battery. Therefore, routing protocol with energy efficiency is essential in wireless sensor network (WSN) to offer data transmission and connectivity with less energy consumption. As a result, the routing scheme is the main factor for decreasing energy consumption and the network's lifetime. The energy-aware routing model is mainly devised for WSN with high network performance when transmitting data to a sink node. Hence, in this paper, the effectiveness of energy-aware routing protocols in mobile sink-based WSNs is analyzed and justified. Some energy-aware routing systems in mobile sink-based WSN techniques, such as optimizing low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) clustering approach, hybrid model using fuzzy logic, and mobile sink. The fuzzy TOPSIS-based cluster head selection (CHS) technique, mobile sink-based energy-efficient CHS model, and hybrid Harris Hawk-Salp Swarm (HH-SS) optimization approach are taken for the simulation process. Additionally, the analytical study is executed using various conditions, like simulation, cluster size, nodes, mobile sink speed, and rounds. Moreover, the performance of existing methods is evaluated using various parameters, namely alive node, residual energy, delay, and packet delivery ratio (PDR).

scholarly journals Energy Consumption Based Low Energy Aware Gateway (LEAG) Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5S3) ◽  
pp. 128-132 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Secure Routing ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Energy Aware

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of a large amount of nodes connected in a self-directed manner. The most important problems in WSN are Energy, Routing, Security, etc., price of the sensor nodes and renovation of these networks is reasonable. The sensor node tools included a radio transceiver with an antenna and an energy source, usually a battery. WSN compute the environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, pollution levels, etc., WSN built the network with the help of nodes. A sensor community consists of many detection stations known as sensor nodes, every of which is small, light-weight and portable. Nodes are linked separately. Each node is linked into the sensors. In recent years WSN has grow to be an essential function in real world. The data’s are sent from end to end multiple nodes and gateways, the data’s are connected to other networks such as wireless Ethernet. MGEAR is the existing mechanism. It works with the routing and energy consumption. The principal problem of this work is choosing cluster head, and the selection is based on base station, so the manner is consumes energy. In this paper, develop the novel based hybrid protocol Low Energy Aware Gateway (LEAG). We used Zigbee techniques to reduce energy consumption and routing. Gateway is used to minimize the energy consumption and data is send to the base station. Nodes are used to transmit the data into the cluster head, it transmit the data into gateway and gateway compress and aggregate the data then sent to the base station. Simulation result shows our proposed mechanism consumes less energy, increased throughput, packet delivery ration and secure routing when compared to existing mechanism (MGEAR).

scholarly journals Improving Duty Cycle-based MAC Protocol in Wireless Networks using AI and Machine Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3011-3017
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Selection Function ◽  
Medium Access ◽  
Sleep Phase ◽  
Agricultural Applications ◽  
Time Division ◽  
Wireless Node

Duty cycle of a Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol is made up of sleep phase, wake-up phase and listen phase. MAC protocols usually proposes to optimize the duration of the wake-up and listen phases, in order to increase the duration of the sleep phase, thereby reducing the unwanted energy consumption of the wireless node. In this paper, we propose an Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) based approach, which uses a hybrid combination of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Bitmap Assisted MAC (BMA) and Sensor MAC (SMAC). The machine learning layer utilizes the duty cycle in the MAC layer, and generates multiple solutions for a given wireless communication. The AI layer then selects the best solution from the generated solutions by incorporating a duty cycle factor in the selection function, thereby optimizing the duty cycle of the protocol. The proposed system shows a 15% improvement in communication speed, and a 10% reduction in energy consumption across multiple communications. We plan to further extend this work for rural India, and apply it to real time agricultural applications.

Meta-Heuristic MOALO Algorithm for Energy-Aware Clustering in the Internet of Things

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-93
Author(s):  
Ravi Kumar Poluru ◽  
R. Lokeshkumar
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Data Transmission ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Fitness Function ◽  
Shortest Paths ◽  
Cluster Head ◽  
Energy Aware ◽  
Energy Efficient Routing ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Data Transmission Rate

Boosting data transmission rate in IoT with minimized energy is the research issue under consideration in recent days. The main motive of this paper is to transmit the data in the shortest paths to decrease energy consumption and increase throughput in the IoT network. Thus, in this paper, the authors consider delay, traffic rate, and density in designing a multi-objective energy-efficient routing protocol to reduce energy consumption via the shortest paths. First, the authors propose a cluster head picking approach that elects optimal CH. It increases the effective usage of nodes energy and eventually results in prolonged network lifetime with enhanced throughput. The data transmission rate is posed as a fitness function in the multi-objective ant lion optimizer algorithm (MOALOA). The performance of the proposed algorithm is investigated using MATLAB and achieved high convergence, extended lifetime, as well as throughput when compared to representative approaches like E-LEACH, mACO, MFO-ALO, and ALOC.

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