scholarly journals Emerging IoT domains, current standings and open research challenges: a review

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e659
Author(s):  
Omer Ali ◽  
Mohamad Khairi Ishak ◽  
Muhammad Kamran Liaquat Bhatti
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Ultra Low Power ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Art Research ◽  
Motivating Factor

Over the last decade, the Internet of Things (IoT) domain has grown dramatically, from ultra-low-power hardware design to cloud-based solutions, and now, with the rise of 5G technology, a new horizon for edge computing on IoT devices will be introduced. A wide range of communication technologies has steadily evolved in recent years, representing a diverse range of domain areas and communication specifications. Because of the heterogeneity of technology and interconnectivity, the true realisation of the IoT ecosystem is currently hampered by multiple dynamic integration challenges. In this context, several emerging IoT domains necessitate a complete re-modeling, design, and standardisation from the ground up in order to achieve seamless IoT ecosystem integration. The Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT), Internet of Space-Things (IoST), Internet of Underwater-Things (IoUT) and Social Internet of Things (SIoT) are investigated in this paper with a broad future scope based on their integration and ability to source other IoT domains by highlighting their application domains, state-of-the-art research, and open challenges. To the best of our knowledge, there is little or no information on the current state of these ecosystems, which is the motivating factor behind this article. Finally, the paper summarises the integration of these ecosystems with current IoT domains and suggests future directions for overcoming the challenges.

Healthcare-Internet of Things and Its Components

2021 ◽  
pp. 258-277
Author(s):  
Aman Tyagi
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Fog Computing ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Healthcare Resources ◽  
Iot Security ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
Iot Devices

Elderly population in the Asian countries is increasing at a very fast rate. Lack of healthcare resources and infrastructure in many countries makes the task of provding proper healthcare difficult. Internet of things (IoT) in healthcare can address the problem effectively. Patient care is possible at home using IoT devices. IoT devices are used to collect different types of data. Various algorithms may be used to analyse data. IoT devices are connected to the internet and all the data of the patients with various health reports are available online and hence security issues arise. IoT sensors, IoT communication technologies, IoT gadgets, components of IoT, IoT layers, cloud and fog computing, benefits of IoT, IoT-based algorithms, IoT security issues, and IoT challenges are discussed in the chapter. Nowadays global epidemic COVID19 has demolished the economy and health services of all the countries worldwide. Usefulness of IoT in COVID19-related issues is explained here.

scholarly journals QoS Enabled Layered Based Clustering for Reactive Flooding in the Internet of Things

Symmetry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fawad Ali Khan ◽  
Rafidah Md Noor ◽  
Miss Laiha Mat Kiah ◽  
Noorzaily Mohd Noor ◽  
Saleh M. Altowaijri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things ◽  
Network Flooding

The Internet of Things has gained substantial attention over the last few years, because of connecting daily things in a wide range of application and domains. A large number of sensors require bandwidth and network resources to give-and-take queries among a heterogeneous IoT network. Network flooding is a key questioning strategy for successful exchange of queries. However, the risk of the original flooding is prone to unwanted and redundant network queries which may lead to heavy network traffic. Redundant, unwanted, and flooded queries are major causes of inefficient utilization of resources. IoT devices consume more energy and high computational time. More queries leads to consumption of more bandwidth, cost, and miserable QoS. Current existing approaches focused primarily on how to speed up the basic routing for IoT devices. However, solutions for flooding are not being addressed. In this paper, we propose a cluster-based flooding (CBF) as an interoperable solution for network and sensor layer devices which is also capable minimizing the energy consumption, cost, network flooding, identifying, and eliminating of redundant flooding queries using query control mechanisms. The proposed CBF divides the network into different clusters, local queries for information are proactively maintained by the intralayer cluster (IALC), while the interlayer cluster (IELC) is responsible for reactively obtain the routing queries to the destinations outside the cluster. CBF is a hybrid approach, having the potential to be more efficient against traditional schemes in term of query traffic generation. However, in the absence of appropriate redundant query detection and termination techniques, the CBF may generate more control traffic compared to the standard flooding techniques. In this research work, we used Cooja simulator to evaluate the performance of the proposed CBF. According to the simulation results the proposed technique has superiority in term of traffic delay, QoS/throughput, and energy consumption, under various performance metrics compared with traditional flooding and state of the art.

scholarly journals Cost-Effective Proxy Signcryption Scheme for Internet of Things

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Insaf Ullah ◽  
Ali Alkhalifah ◽  
Muhammad Asghar Khan ◽  
Samih M. Mostafa
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Random Oracle Model ◽  
Internet Security ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
Sensors And Actuators ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Iot Devices

The Internet of things (IoT) has emerged into a revolutionary technology that enables a wide range of features and applications given the proliferation of sensors and actuators embedded in everyday objects, as well as the ubiquitous availability of high-speed Internet. When nearly everything is connected to the Internet, security and privacy concerns will become more significant. Furthermore, owing to the resource-constrained nature of IoT devices, they are unable to perform standard cryptographic computations. As a result, there is a critical need for efficient and secure lightweight cryptographic scheme that can meet the demands of resource-constrained IoT devices. In this study, we propose a lightweight proxy in which a person/party can delegate its signing authority to a proxy agent. Existing proxy signcryption security approaches are computationally costly and rely on RSA, bilinear pairing, and elliptic curves cryptography (ECC). The hyperelliptic curve cryptosystem (HECC), on the other hand, employs a smaller key size while maintaining the same level of security. When assessed using the random oracle model (ROM), the proposed scheme provides resilience against indistinguishable under adaptive chosen ciphertext attacks (IND-CCA) and unforgeable under adaptive chosen message attacks (UU-ACMA). To demonstrate the viability of the proposed scheme, security analyses and comparisons with existing schemes are performed. The findings show that the proposed scheme provides high security while reducing computational and communication costs.

scholarly journals Biometrics for Internet-of-Things Security: A Review

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6163
Author(s):  
Wencheng Yang ◽  
Song Wang ◽  
Nor Masri Sahri ◽  
Nickson M. Karie ◽  
Mohiuddin Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Iot Security ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Art Research

The large number of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices that need interaction between smart devices and consumers makes security critical to an IoT environment. Biometrics offers an interesting window of opportunity to improve the usability and security of IoT and can play a significant role in securing a wide range of emerging IoT devices to address security challenges. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive survey on the current biometrics research in IoT security, especially focusing on two important aspects, authentication and encryption. Regarding authentication, contemporary biometric-based authentication systems for IoT are discussed and classified based on different biometric traits and the number of biometric traits employed in the system. As for encryption, biometric-cryptographic systems, which integrate biometrics with cryptography and take advantage of both to provide enhanced security for IoT, are thoroughly reviewed and discussed. Moreover, challenges arising from applying biometrics to IoT and potential solutions are identified and analyzed. With an insight into the state-of-the-art research in biometrics for IoT security, this review paper helps advance the study in the field and assists researchers in gaining a good understanding of forward-looking issues and future research directions.

scholarly journals Offline/Online Outsourced Attribute-Based Encryption with Partial Policy Hidden for the Internet of Things

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Xixi Yan ◽  
Guanghui He ◽  
Jinxia Yu ◽  
Yongli Tang ◽  
Mingjie Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Cloud Platform ◽  
Computational Overhead ◽  
Attribute Based Encryption ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Internet Of Things

In the Internet of Things (IoT) environment, the intelligent devices collect and share large-scale sensitive personal data for a wide range of application. However, the power of storage and computing of IoT devices is limited, so the mass perceived data will be encrypted and transmitted to a cloud platform-interconnected IoT devices. Therefore, the concern how to save the encryption/decryption cost and preserve the privacy of the sensitive data in IoT environment is an issue that deserves research. To mitigate these issues, an offline/online attribute-based encryption scheme that supports partial policy hidden and outsourcing decryption will be proposed. This scheme adopts offline/online attribute-based encryption algorithms; then, the key generation algorithm and encryption algorithm are divided into two stages: offline stage and online stage. Meanwhile, in order to solve the problem of policy disclosure under the cloud platform, the policy hidden is supported, that is, the attribute is divided into the attribute value and the attribute name. For the pairing operation involved in decryption process, a verifiable outsourced decryption is implemented. Our scheme is constructed based on composite bilinear groups, which meets full security under the standard model. Finally, by comparing with other schemes in terms of functionality and computational overhead, it is shown that the proposed scheme is more efficient and applicable to the mobile devices with limited computing and storage functions in the Internet of Things environment.

Review of the Current State and Future Development in Standardising Artificial Lighting

2019 ◽  
pp. 4-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Thorns
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Artificial Lighting ◽  
Current State ◽  
Internal Structures ◽  
European Regulations ◽  
The Internet Of Things

This paper discusses the organisations involved in the development of application standards, European regulations and best practice guides, their scope of work and internal structures. It considers their respective visions for the requirements for future standardisation work and considers in more detail those areas where these overlap, namely human centric or integrative lighting, connectivity and the Internet of Things, inclusivity and sustainability.

Bringing Security to The Smallest Embedded Systems

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOSEPH YIU
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Embedded Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Security Requirements ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Security Measures ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Iot Devices

The increasing need for security in microcontrollers Security has long been a significant challenge in microcontroller applications(MCUs). Traditionally, many microcontroller systems did not have strong security measures against remote attacks as most of them are not connected to the Internet, and many microcontrollers are deemed to be cheap and simple. With the growth of IoT (Internet of Things), security in low cost microcontrollers moved toward the spotlight and the security requirements of these IoT devices are now just as critical as high-end systems due to:

scholarly journals Next Generation of SDN in Cloud-Fog for 5G and Beyond-Enabled Applications: Opportunities and Challenges

Network ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-49
Author(s):  
Ehsan Ahvar ◽  
Shohreh Ahvar ◽  
Syed Mohsan Raza ◽  
Jose Manuel Sanchez Vilchez ◽  
Gyu Myoung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Data Sharing ◽  
Mobile Networks ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Hybrid Cloud ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Delay Constraints ◽  
Mission Critical ◽  
Iot Devices

In recent years, the number of objects connected to the internet have significantly increased. Increasing the number of connected devices to the internet is transforming today’s Internet of Things (IoT) into massive IoT of the future. It is predicted that, in a few years, a high communication and computation capacity will be required to meet the demands of massive IoT devices and applications requiring data sharing and processing. 5G and beyond mobile networks are expected to fulfill a part of these requirements by providing a data rate of up to terabits per second. It will be a key enabler to support massive IoT and emerging mission critical applications with strict delay constraints. On the other hand, the next generation of software-defined networking (SDN) with emerging cloudrelated technologies (e.g., fog and edge computing) can play an important role in supporting and implementing the above-mentioned applications. This paper sets out the potential opportunities and important challenges that must be addressed in considering options for using SDN in hybrid cloud-fog systems to support 5G and beyond-enabled applications.

scholarly journals Problems of Powering End Devices in Wireless Networks of the Internet of Things

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2417
Author(s):  
Andrzej Michalski ◽  
Zbigniew Watral
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Radio Frequency Identification ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Alternative Possibilities ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Power Sources ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Internet Of Things

This article presents the problems of powering wireless sensor networks operating in the structures of the Internet of Things (IoT). This issue was discussed on the example of a universal end node in IoT technology containing RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags. The basic methods of signal transmission in these types of networks are discussed and their impact on the basic requirements such as range, transmission speed, low energy consumption, and the maximum number of devices that can simultaneously operate in the network. The issue of low power consumption of devices used in IoT solutions is one of the main research objects. The analysis of possible communication protocols has shown that there is a possibility of effective optimization in this area. The wide range of power sources available on the market, used in nodes of wireless sensor networks, was compared. The alternative possibilities of powering the network nodes from Energy Harvesting (EH) generators are presented.

scholarly journals Detection of the Hardcoded Login Information from Socket and String Compare Symbols

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-39
Author(s):  
Minami Yoda ◽  
Shuji Sakuraba ◽  
Yuichi Sei ◽  
Yasuyuki Tahara ◽  
Akihiko Ohsuga
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Static Analysis ◽  
Real World ◽  
Symbolic Execution ◽  
The Internet ◽  
User Input ◽  
Network Function ◽  
Private Data ◽  
String Search ◽  
Iot Devices

Internet of Things (IoT) for smart homes enhances convenience; however, it also introduces the risk of the leakage of private data. TOP10 IoT of OWASP 2018 shows that the first vulnerability is ”Weak, easy to predict, or embedded passwords.” This problem poses a risk because a user can not fix, change, or detect a password if it is embedded in firmware because only the developer of the firmware can control an update. In this study, we propose a lightweight method to detect the hardcoded username and password in IoT devices using a static analysis called Socket Search and String Search to protect from first vulnerability from 2018 OWASP TOP 10 for the IoT device. The hardcoded login information can be obtained by comparing the user input with strcmp or strncmp. Previous studies analyzed the symbols of strcmp or strncmp to detect the hardcoded login information. However, those studies required a lot of time because of the usage of complicated algorithms such as symbolic execution. To develop a lightweight algorithm, we focus on a network function, such as the socket symbol in firmware, because the IoT device is compromised when it is invaded by someone via the Internet. We propose two methods to detect the hardcoded login information: string search and socket search. In string search, the algorithm finds a function that uses the strcmp or strncmp symbol. In socket search, the algorithm finds a function that is referenced by the socket symbol. In this experiment, we measured the ability of our proposed method by searching six firmware in the real world that has a backdoor. We ran three methods: string search, socket search, and whole search to compare the two methods. As a result, all methods found login information from five of six firmware and one unexpected password. Our method reduces the analysis time. The whole search generally takes 38 mins to complete, but our methods finish the search in 4-6 min.

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