scholarly journals Figurative use of past tense in Russian: a case study

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daria Chernova
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

This article discusses past tense verbs in collocations with the future tense adverbial завтра ‘tomorrow'. It is shown that the past tense grammeme can express habitual, hypothetical and conditional meanings that are related through metonymy.

scholarly journals A new HPSG approach to Polish auxiliary constructions

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Kupść ◽  
Jesse Tseng
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
The Past ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Common ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

This paper presents an analysis of constructions involving the l-form of the verb in Polish, including primarily the past tense, the conditional mood, and the future tense. Previous approaches have attempted to treat these uniformly as auxiliary verb constructions. We argue against a unified treatment, however, in light of synchronic and diachronic evidence that indicates that only the future tense and the conditional still involve auxiliaries in modern Polish. We show that the past tense is now a simple tense, although the l-forms appear in combination with agreement affixes that can appear in different places in the sentence. We provide an account of the common linearization properties of the past tense markings and the conditional auxiliary. We present a detailed HPSG analysis of the past tense construction that relies on the introduction of two interacting agreement features. We then discuss the consequences of our proposals for the analysis of the conditional and future auxiliary constructions, and finally, we offer a treatment of constructions involving inflected complementizers in Polish.

scholarly journals The Form with =ZA in the Altai Language

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 65-77
Author(s):  
Alena R. Tazranova
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Correlation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Temporal Relations ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Finite Form ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Present Tense

In the following article, we analyze the polyfunctional form with =ZA in the Altai language. Traditionally, this form is viewed as a marker of conditional mood. Our materials show that its semantics and functions are very varied. It can be used not only in infinite functions within polypredicative constructions, but also as an independent finite form with the meaning of a non-real, contrafactive volition. When it is used as a dependent predicate, this form mainly denotes modality of an action’s conditions according to the speaker’s point of view. When one uses the if conjunction, the expected action-condition may not take place, and when the when conjunction is used, such possibility is not considered, but rather, temporal relations are expressed (consecution, simultaneity, general temporal correlation). Specific temporal meanings depend on specific tense forms of finite predicates: if the predicate of a main clause is in present tense, the construction denotes general temporal correlation; if a future tense form is used, it denotes consecution or simultaneity in the future; the past tense denotes consecution in the past. With a 2nd person singular and plural affix =ZAŋ, =ZAgAr expresses the meaning of soft incentive. The =ZA form as a marker of concessive mood denotes completion of an action in spite of conflicting conditions, which demonstrates the shift of this form towards other mood forms.

scholarly journals Ambiguity of Future in the Past in the Modern English Language

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Nikolaevna Selezneva
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Subjunctive Mood ◽  
The Past ◽  
Future Action ◽  
The Future

The article raises the question of ambiguity of Future in the Past in expressing the future tense in the modern English language. The author of the article analyzes should/would + infinitive, its grammatical status and the expressed lexical meaning. The article notes that ambiguity of Future in the Past is mainly due to the homonymy of should/would + infinitive forms with the forms of the subjunctive mood. However, Future in the Past is a part of the verb system of tenses in the modern English language and it expresses assumption, intention or obligation to perform a future action from the past position.

scholarly journals TEMPORAL SYSTEM OF THE OSSETIAN VERB COMPARED WITH OTHER IRANIAN LANGUAGES

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Э.Б. САТЦАЕВ
Keyword(s):  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Interesting Phenomenon ◽  
The Past ◽  
Persian Language ◽  
Temporal System ◽  
The Future ◽  
Present Tense ◽  
Almost All

Время – грамматическая категория глагола, служит временной состояния, либо события. В различных языках наличествует соответствующее количество временных форм. Индоевропейский глагол в историческом плане имел три временные системы – презенс, аорист и перфект. В Авесте засвидетельствованы формы всех индоевропейских времен, наклонений и залогов. В ней в изъявительном наклонении раз­личаются следующие времена: настоящее время, имперфект, перфект и плюсквамперфект. В презенсе авестийского глагола выделяются два типа основ. Эти основы делятся на классы, количество которых доходит до двадцати двух. Глагольная система, которая наличествует в среднеиранских языках, значительно изменилась по сравнению с древнеиранскими языками. Однако древнеиранская временная система практически во всех иранских языках данного периода сохранилась. В новоперсидском языке насчитывается восемь времен. Идентичное количество временных форм можно наблюдать также в афганском языке, представленном в восточноиранской языковой подгруппе. Среди иранских языков осетинский характеризуется скудостью временных форм. В осетинском языке можно выделить три глагольные основы, от которых образуются формы соответствующих времен. В осетинских глаголах обнаруживаются следы древнеарийских классов настоящего времени. В современных иранских языках основное противоположение лежит между прошлым и не прошлыми временами. В изъявительном наклонении осетинский язык знает три времени: настоящее, прошедшее и будущее. Наиболее интересным явлением в осетинском языке является образование будущего времени, аналогичная с осетинским языком модель образования будущего времени наблюдаются в согдийском и хорезмийском языках, ко­торые считаются наиболее близкими к осетинскому языку. Tense is a grammatical category of a verb that serves as a temporary localization of an event or state. Different languages have a different number of temporary forms. Historically, the Indo-European verb had three temporal systems – present, aorist and perfect. In the Avesta, forms of all Indo-European times, moods and pledges are attested. The following tenses are distinguished in it in the indicative mood: present, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect. There are two types of stems in the presence of the Avestan verb. These basics are divided into classes, the number of which reaches twenty-two. The verb system in the Middle Iranian languages has changed significantly compared to the ancient Iranian, however, the ancient Iranian temporal system in almost all Iranian languages of this period has been preserved. There are eight tenses in the New Persian language. Almost the same number of temporal forms is observed in Afghan, which is part of the Eastern Iranian subgroup. Among the Iranian languages, Ossetian is a scarcity of temporary forms. In the Ossetian language, three verbal stems can be distinguished, from which the forms of the corresponding tenses are formed. In Ossetian verbs, traces of the ancient Aryan classes of the present tense are found. In modern Iranian languages, the main opposition lies between the past and non-past times. In the indicative mood, the Ossetian language knows three tenses: present, past and future. The most interesting phenomenon in the Ossetian language is the formation of the future tense, a model of the formation of the future tense similar to the Ossetian language is observed in the Sogdian and Khorezm languages, which are considered the closest to the Ossetian language.

S.N. Durylin’s Easter story “On someone else's grave”: genre update

2021 ◽  
pp. 82-86
Author(s):  
Evgeniya A. Korshunova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Main Character ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Spiritual Path ◽  
The Past ◽  
Special Construction ◽  
First Time ◽  
Ontological Concept

The article explores poetics of the unpublished Easter story by S.N. Durylin “On an unrelated grave” (1922). The story is important mainly because the author manages to renew the genre not only by returning to the original spiritual meanings, but also presenting the unique ontological project. Taking into account the experience of the predecessors-classics, first of all, A.P. Chekhov and his story “Holy night” (1886), the writer expands possibilities of the biblical subtext by creating an intertextual evangelical plot that unfolds in parallel with the main one. Using modernist experience of L.N. Andreev and M. Gorky, the symbolist writers, Durylin disputes it, disagreeing with travesty and fantastic versions of the interpretation of Easter story. The author depicts the plot of the resurrection of the soul of the main character Andrei Omutov, who, experiencing the tragic death of his mother, thinks about eternity for the first time. The author’s ontological concept, affirming infinity and the absence of boundaries, is expressed by the special construction of the temporal triad “past — present — future”. The idea of transcendental reality, suggesting Absolute, is formed by alternating passages in present and future tense: these are descriptions of mother’ existence and church hymns quotations. In the past tense, the story of hero’s childhood and his mother’s death are given. The spiritual path to the eternal “to be” represents the inner plot of this story. The milestones of this plot are intertextually indicated by Easter exapostillarium, which is quoted three times: in the epigraph, at the time when it sounds at Easter services and, finally, on a grave of a stranger during matin service, conducted by Father Alexander, when the hero’s spiritual resurrection occurs.

scholarly journals A case study of haemoglobinopathy screening in the Netherlands: witnessing the past, lessons for the future

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suze M.P.J. Jans ◽  
Carla G. van El ◽  
Eddy S. Houwaart ◽  
Marjan J. Westerman ◽  
Rien J.P.A. Janssens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

scholarly journals 0101 Episodic Future Thinking Triggers Age-Related Differences in Spindles and Slow Oscillations

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A40-A40
Author(s):  
J Diaz ◽  
P Fillmore ◽  
C Gao ◽  
M K Scullin
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Word Count ◽  
Future Thinking ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Slow Oscillations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Age Related ◽  
The Future

Abstract Introduction In young adults, sleep spindles are theorized to represent memory consolidation. Spindle density may be especially prominent when young adults encode information that has future relevance. Older adults, on the other hand, show reduced capacity for future thinking and deficits in sleep-dependent memory consolidation. To advance these literatures, we investigated whether the process of mentally simulating the future (versus remembering the past) was associated with subsequent alterations to sleep microarchitecture in young and older adults. Methods 64 healthy adults aged 18–84 completed a polysomnography adaptation night followed by two in-laboratory experimental nights. On both nights, participants completed the Modified Future Crovitz Test (MFCT) in which they mentally simulated only future events or remembered only past events (night order counterbalanced). To quantify the extent of future/past thinking, we conducted linguistics analyses on tense (future/past) using LIWC 2015 software. Results On the future-thinking night, young adults with greater future-tense MFCT scores showed significantly greater spindle density across frontal, midline, and central sites (r=.42 to r=.51), even when controlling for age, gender, and total word count (all ps < .01). The opposite was true for middle-to-older aged adults; greater future-tense MFCT scores were associated with less spindle density across midline and central sites after controlling for age, gender, and word count (r=-.44 to r=-.46, ps<.05). However, while spindle density decreased, frontal slow oscillations increased in older adults with greater future-tense MFCT scores (r=.39, p<.05). On the past-thinking night, spindle density and slow oscillations were unrelated to past-tense or future-tense MFCT scores for either age group. Conclusion Age-related deficits in memory consolidation may be due to impaired tagging of information as having future relevance, or impaired physiological responses during sleep to wake-based tagging. Addressing encoding—spindle interactions may inform why cognitive functioning declines in some adults more than others. Support Sleep Research Society Foundation

scholarly journals Error Analysis On The Use Of Past Tense In Writing Recount Text A Case Study At The Second Year Students Of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Darul Ishlah Ireng Lauq At The Academic Year 2013/2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suparlan Suparlan
Keyword(s):  
Error Analysis ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
The Past ◽  
Specific Objective ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Academic Year ◽  
Year 2013

The writer is interested in investigating the error analysis in using past tense in writing recount text a case study at the second year students of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Darul Ishlah Ireng Lauq at the academic year 2013/2014. The problem of the present study is limited in on the use of past tense in writing recount text. On the other hand, the general objective of the writing is to analyze the use of past tense in writing recount text. The specific objective is to know the students ability in using the past tense especially in writing recount text.The population of the study includes all students who have been studying at the second year of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Darul Ishlah Ireng Lauq at the academic year 2013/2014.The instrument of data collection is only one test. The test type/ part namely slot test. The test is confined to use the simple past tense. The data is analyzed by descriptive quantitative method. From the result of this analyze, the writer concludes the second year of the students of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Darul Ishlah Ireng Lauq at the academic year 2013/ 2014 has difficulty in identifying the past tense. This analyze shown that they make errors in using auxiliary did, errors in using verbs and other errors. Finally not only auxiliary did or verb as the specific study had most errors but also another errors appear without they realize, it happened because the lack of mastery in structure of past tense one of the tense in English.

scholarly journals О соотношении двух плюсквамперфектов в псковских говорах в сопоставлении с инославянским материалом

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
М. В. Ермолова ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Past Tense ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Slavic Languages ◽  
Subjunctive Mood ◽  
The Past ◽  
Present Tense

There are two pluperfect forms in Pskov dialects: “to be (past tense) + vši-form” and “to be (past tense) +l-form”. The first one has a resultative meaning and should be considered in the row of other perfective forms with the verb to be in the present tense, future tense and in the form of subjunctive mood. The second one has a meaning of discontinuous past. Apparently, it is a grammeme of the past tense and it is opposed to the “simple” past tense by the meaning of the irrelevance of the action to the present. There are similar systems with two pluperfect forms in other Slavic and non-Slavic languages.

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