scholarly journals Seasonal changes in total body water; body composition and water turnover in reindeer

Rangifer ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terje S. Larsen ◽  
Arnoldus Schytte Blix
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Total Body

<p>Total body water and water turnover were measured at different times throughout the year in 3 captive Norwegian reindeer, using a tritiated water dilution method (Holleman et al. 1982). Total body water (percent of body weight) increased during late autumn and winter, from 59.1 &plusmn; 1.5 % in October to 72.5 &plusmn; 2.0 % in April. Using the equatation by Pace and Rathbun (1945) for predicting total body fat (% fat = 100 - % water/0.732), this increase in total body water indicates a concomitant reduction in body fat, from a maximum value of 18.9 &plusmn; 2.6 % (of body weight) in October to a minimum of 0.9 &plusmn; 2.7 % in April. During summer, on the other hand, fat content increased at the expense of a reduced percentage of body water. Water turnover was low in winter (December - April), ranging between 30.8 &plusmn; 5.2and43.6 &plusmn; 13.5ml.d-'. kg-1, but increased nearly fourfold during summer (June-August) with a maximum of 117.7 &plusmn; 5.9 ml.d-1. kg-1 in August. Positive correlations between water turnover and food intake and between water turnover and ambient temperature were found, the latter probably resulting from an incidental correlation between food intake and ambient temperature.</p><p>Sesongmessige forandringer i totalt kroppsvann, kropps-sammensetning og vannomsetning hos reinsdyr.</p><p>Abstract in Norwegian / Sammendrag: Totalt kroppsvann og vannomsetning av vann ble m&aring;lt til forskjellige &aring;rstider i 3 norske reinsdyr ved hjelp av utvasking av tritiert vann (Holleman et al. 1982). Totalt kroppsvann (prosent av kroppsvekt) &oslash;kte utover h&oslash;sten og vinteren, fra 59.1 &plusmn; 1.5 % i oktober til 72.5 &plusmn; 2.0 % i april. Ved hjelp av en ligning som er gitt av Pace og Rathbun (1945) for beregning av totalt kroppsfett (% fett = 100 - % vann/0.732), fant en at denne &oslash;kningen i vanninnhold tilsvarte en samtidig reduksjon i fettinnhold, fra en maksimums-verdi p&aring; 18.9 &plusmn; 2.6 % av kroppsvekt i oktober til et minimum p&aring; 0.9 &plusmn; 2.7 % i april. Utover sommeren &oslash;kte derimot innholdet av fett p&aring; bekostning av vanninnholdet. Omsetningen av vann var lav vinterstid (desember - april), varierende mellom 30.8 &plusmn; 5.2 og 43.6 &plusmn; 13.5 ml.d-1.kg-1, men &oslash;kte nesten fire ganger i l&oslash;pet av sommeren (juni - august) til et maksimum p&aring; 117.7 &plusmn; 5.9 ml.d-1.kg-1 i august. Det ble funnet positive korrelasjoner mellom vannomsetning og forinntak og mellom vannomsetning og omgivelsestemperatur. Sistnevnte korrelasjon kan muligens skyldes en tilfeldig sammenheng mellom forinntak og omgivelsestemperatur.</p><p>Vuodenaikaiset muutokset poron ruumiin kokonaisvesim&aring;&aring;r&aring;ss&aring;, ruumiin koostumuksessa ja vesiaineenvaihdunnassa.</p><p>Abstract in Finnish / Yhteenveto: Ruumiin kokonaisvesima&aring;r&aring;&aring; ja vesiaineenvaihduntaa mitattiin eri vuodenaikoina 3 norjalaisella porolla k&aring;ytt&aring;m&aring;ll&aring; apuna tritioitua vetta (Holleman et al. 1982). Ruumiin kokonaisvesim&aring;ar&aring; (prosenttia ruumiinpainosta) lis&aring;antyi syksyll&aring; ja talvella lokakuun 59.1&plusmn;1.5%:sta 72.5&plusmn;2.0%:i huhtikuussa. K&aring;ytt&aring;m&aring;ll&aring; Pacen ja Rathbunin (1945) ruumiin kokonaisrasvapitoisuude laskukaavaa (rasva % = 100 - vesi %/0.732) huomattiin tam&aring;n vesim&aring;&aring;r&aring;n lisa&aring;ntymis johtuvan samanaikaisesta rasvapitoisuuden v&aring;henemisesta. Rasvapitoisuus laski lokakuun maksimiarvosta 18.9&plusmn;2.6% ruumiinpainosta huhtikuun minimiarvoon, joka oli 0.9&plusmn;2.7% ruumiinpainosta. Kes&aring;ll&aring; rasvapitoisuus lis&aring;antyi puolestaan vesipitoisuuden kustannuksella. Talvella j&aring;k&aring;l&aring;ravinnolla (joulu-huhtikuussa) veden kaytto vaihteli v&aring;lilla 30.8&plusmn;5.2 ja 43.6&plusmn;13.5 ml vrk-1kg-1 mutta se kohosi melkein nelinkertaisesti kesalla (kes&aring;-elokuussa) maksimiarvoonsa 117.7+5.9 ml vrk-1 kg-1 elokuussa. Veden k&aring;yton ja ravinnon oton seka veden k&aring;yton jaymp&aring;riston lampotilan v&aring;lilla oli positiivinen korrelaatio. Viimeksi mainittu korrelaatio voi johtua v&aring;liaikaisesta riippuvuudesta ravinnonoton ja ymp&aring;riston l&aring;mpotilan v&aring;lill&aring;.</p>

A two-pool model of tritiated water kinetics to predict body composition in unfasted lactating goats

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. R. Dunshea ◽  
A. W. Bell ◽  
K. D. Chandler ◽  
T. E. Trigg
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Body Protein ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Pool Model ◽  
Total Body

ABSTRACTA two-pool model of tritiated water kinetics was investigated as a means of partitioning total body water into empty body water and gut water in 17 lactating goats. Empty body water, gut water and total body water were of a similar magnitude to, and highly correlated with, a rapidly equilibrating tritiated water pool, a more slowly equilibrating pool and the sum of these two pools, respectively.Empty body fat was poorly correlated with both live weight and empty body weight (R2 = 0·42 and 0·51, respectively). However, there was a strong inverse relationship between the water and fat contents of the empty body. Consequently, empty body fat was accurately predicted by a multiple regression equation which included both empty body weight and empty body water as independent variables (R2 = 0·97). Substitution of these variables with estimates derived from tritiated water kinetics still resulted in a high correlation (R2 = 0·88). Tritiated water kinetics offered little improvement over live weight alone in the prediction of empty body protein, empty body ash or fat-free empty body.

The effect of route of dosing and method of estimation of tritiated water space on the determination of total body water and the prediction of body fat in sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. W. Smith ◽  
A. R. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Multiple Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Space

SUMMARYEight mature female sheep were offered a ration which maintained body weight constant during a 20-week period. During the final 10 weeks a comparison was made in each animal of the pattern of equilibration and urinary losses of tritiated water during 8 h after dosing by four different routes. These were intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraruminal and a combination of the intraperitoneal and intraruminal routes. Tritiated water spaces were calculated from (a) the 8-h plasma specific activity and (b) by extrapolation to zero time of the plasma specific activities during the 7 days after injection. At the end of the experiment the fat and water contents of the bodies of the sheep were determined directly.Complete equilibration of tritiated water between plasma and rumen water was not achieved in all animals 8 h after intravenous or intraperitoneal injection but was when the rumen was primed by the combination of intraperitoneal and intraruminal dosing. After intraruminal dosing equilibration was not achieved in any animal within 8 h of dosing.Urinary losses of marker were lower after intraruminal dosing but otherwise averaged 4–5 % of the dose/1 urine. This was equivalent to 0·3–6·7% of the dose for individual sheep.Errors resulting from incomplete equilibration and urinary loss of marker did not influence the efficiency of prediction of total body water from tritiated water space. The multiple correlation coefficient relating body fat with empty body weight and its water content was very high (r = 0·99). Errors introduced into this relationship by the inclusion of gut water in the prediction equations were apparently of a similar magnitude to those resulting from the errors in the estimation of tritiated water space.The extrapolation method for the determination of tritiated water space was shown to have the same accuracy as equilibration techniques under these controlled dietary conditions.

Estimation of water content by tritium dilution of animals subjected to rapid live-weight changes

1969 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. McManus ◽  
R. K. Prichard ◽  
Carolyn Baker ◽  
M. V. Petruchenia
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Under Nutrition ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYThe use of tritiated water to estimate total body-water content of animals experiencing recovery from under-nutrition was studied.The time for equilibration of tritiated water (TOH), given intraperitoneally, with total body water (TBW) was determined in rabbits and in rats. As judged by the specific activity of blood water, equilibration had occurred by 76–125 min in the rabbit and did not appear to be affected by the plane of nutrition. However, between slaughter groups the specific activity of water obtained from the liver 180 min after injection of TOH was significantly different from the specific activity of water simultaneously obtained from the blood plasma. It is concluded that the liver is not a suitable tissue to use for testing achievement of equilibration.As judged by the specific activity of blood water compared to that of water from the whole body macerate, equilibration in mature rats either in stable body condition or undergoing rapid compensatory growth occurred in less than 60 min.A trial comparing TOH-space (corrected by 3% body weight) and actual TBW (by desiccation) was conducted on thirty rabbits which experienced under-nutrition followed by compensatory growth.Prior to under-nutrition the agreement between actual and estimated TBW was satisfactory and within 2·3%. During compensatory growth the agreement was poor— the TOH values over-estimating actual TBW by about 12%.A trial with mature rats confirmed the findings with rabbits. For rats in stable body weight the mean estimated TOH-space for fourteen animals was within 1·2% of the actual TBW. For fourteen rats undergoing compensatory growth the mean estimated TOH-space (corrected by 3% body weight) overestimated actual TBW by 6·2%.

Accuracy of the tritium water dilution method for determining water flux in reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Cameron ◽  
R. G. White ◽  
J. R. Luick
Keyword(s):  
Total Body Water ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Dilution

The accuracy of the tritium water dilution method in estimating water flux was evaluated in reindeer under various conditions of temperature and diet. Two non-pregnant female reindeer were restrained in metabolism stalls, within controlled-environment chambers, at temperatures of + 10, −5, and −20 °C; varying amounts of a commercial pelleted ration (crude protein, 13%) or mixed lichens (crude protein, 3%) were offered, and water was provided ad libitum either as snow or in liquid form. Total body water volume and water turnover were estimated using tritiated water, and the daily outputs of feces and urine were measured for each of 12 different combinations of diet and temperature. Statistical analysis of the data showed that the tritium water dilution technique gives accurate determinations of total body water flux over a wide range of environmental and nutritional conditions.

Estimation of body water and fat in cattle using tritiated water space and live weight with particular reference to the influence of breed

1983 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. N. Chigaru ◽  
D. H. Holness
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Close Relation ◽  
Body Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYThe body composition of 18 each of Mashona, Afrikaner and Hereford heifers was measured at the beginning and after 16 and 32 weeks of the experiment. The heifers not slaughtered at the beginning of the experiment were fed a complete diet containing 132 g crude protein and 12·0 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter. Before slaughter, the animals were deprived of food and water for 24 h. Each animal was infused with 1 mCi of tritiated water (TOH) in order to measure total body water (TBW) and to estimate body fat.The growth rate of the three breeds of heifers was similar despite differences in age and initial live weight. Both TBW and fat proportions, however, differed significantly (P < 0·01) between slaughter stages for each breed and between breeds at each slaughter stage. At the first, second and final slaughter stages the proportions of TBW were: 68·0, 59·4 and 54·5% for Mashona; 70·;5, 64·3 and 58·3% for Afrikaner and 65·3, 57·6 and 46·2% for Hereford heifers respectively. The corresponding proportions of body fat were: 10·2, 18·4 and 24·2% for Mashona; 6·6, 12·0 and 20·0% for Afrikaner and 13·7, 20·8 and 25·8% for Hereford heifers respectively.There was a close relation between empty body weight and live weight at slaughter which was not influenced by breed. Both TBW and fat were estimated more accurately when TOH space and live weight were used jointly. However, the slopes of the prediction equations for each breed were significantly different (P < 0·05) in the case of both total body water and fat. It was necessary to use separate equations for each breed in order to predict either body water or fat. The significance of these findings for the estimation of body fat in live cattle is discussed.

Use of NMR for measurement of total body water and estimation of body fat

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 836-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Lewis ◽  
W. L. Rollwitz ◽  
H. A. Bertrand ◽  
E. J. Masoro
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Pulse Length ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Nmr Method ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Free Induction ◽  
Total Body

A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method is described for quantitatively measuring total body water (TBW) and for estimating the fat content of baboons. The hydrogen associated with water was measured as the amplitude of the free-induction decay voltage following a series of 90 degree radio frequency pulses at the Lamour frequency for hydrogen with a pulse length of 14 microseconds and a peak measuring time of 50 microseconds. TBW was calculated by multiplying the peak amplitude (volts) by the experimentally determined constant for a water standard (g water/V). This NMR method yielded TBW contents similar to those obtained in the same baboons by direct gravimetric procedures. In contrast, the widely used 3H2O-dilution method usually and variably overestimated body water. By providing an accurate measure of body water, this NMR procedure provides a rapid, noninvasive, reasonably accurate way of estimating body fat content.

The effect of dehydration on Sudanese desert sheep and goats

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. El-Hadi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Extracellular Space ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Water Turnover ◽  
Sheep And Goats ◽  
Fluid Compartments ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYChanges in body weight and body temperature were observed in Sudanese desert sheep and goats, which had been subjected to the summer sun (20 °C min. to 42 °C max.), given water normally and then deprived of water for 3 days. Tritiated water was also used to measure total body water and water turnover in these animals together with measurements of plasma and extracellular space, intracellular fluid volume and blood osmolality. The body weight and the size of the fluid compartments decreased in the two species at varying degrees associated with haemoconcentration. The extent of some changes was more marked in sheep than in goats, suggesting better adaptation of the former species to desert life.

Total body water and the exchangeable hydrogen. II. A review of comparative data from animals based on isotope dilution and desiccation, with a report of new data from the rat

1977 ◽  
Vol 232 (1) ◽  
pp. R60-R65 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Culebras ◽  
G. F. Fitzpatrick ◽  
M. F. Brennan ◽  
C. M. Boyden ◽  
F. D. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Isotope Dilution ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Exchangeable Hydrogen ◽  
Total Body

Total body water (TBW) determination by tritium space could be factitiously elevated by exchangeable H+ contained within water-soluble chemical configurations. Should this nonaqueous (molecular) exchangeable H+ turn out to be a large fraction of total exchangeable H+, TBW measurement by tritiated water (THO) dilution would display a systematic upward and non-random error. TBW was measured by THO dilution and subsequently by total body desiccation in 21 rats (weight 227+/-83 g, mean+/-SD). TBW was 71.38+/-2.4% by THO dilution and 70.20+/-1.5% by body desiccation. Analysis of variance of TBW vs. body weight showed a highly significant correlation both with desiccation (P less than 0.0005, r=-0.78) and dilution (P less than 0.03, r= -0.50). Convariance analysis of both methods showed no difference in slope (P greater than 0.9). There was a difference in variance (P less than 0.001) and means (P less than 0.03). Tritium space is 1.2% of body weight larger than TBW measured by desiccation. TBW measured by THO dilution gives a 1.71% overestimation of TBW as measured by desiccation. TBW measurement by THO dilution is accurate within less than 2% error. These findings have particular significance in the light of our theoretical model of the total nonaqueous exchangeable H+ in fat, protein, and carbodhydrate in the living vertebrate.

Seasonal changes in total body water, extracellular fluid, and blood volume in grazing reindeer

1972 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Cameron ◽  
J. R. Luick
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Late Spring ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Sodium Chromate ◽  
Total Body

The effects of climatic and nutritional changes on body fluid compartmentalization and turnover were investigated in grazing female reindeer. Total body water volume and turnover, extracellular fluid volume, and blood volume were estimated using tritiated water, sodium sulfate-35S, and sodium chromate-51Cr, respectively. During winter and spring, body weights were either maintained or reduced while total body water (percentage of body weight) increased, resulting in appreciable losses of total body solids. In summer, large gains in body weight were accompanied by reduced total body water volumes resulting in substantial increases in body solids. An apparent fluid shift from the intravascular to the extracellular compartment during late spring suggested the occurrence of a starvation edema. Mean water flux rates (ml/day per kilogram body weight) were higher in late spring than during other seasons; lowest values were recorded in early winter. Seasonal variations in nutritional status as reflected by body composition and fluid compartmentalization, and changes in water turnover are discussed in relation to climate and the quality and availability of forage. The complicating influences of pregnancy and lactation are also considered.

Estimation of the body chemical composition of live cattle varying widely in fat content

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Little ◽  
R. W. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Total Body

SUMMARYFollowing the measurement of tritiated water (TOH) spaces, 31 cattle were slaughtered and chemically analysed in this study. They included several breeds, both females and castrate males, and were of varied nutritional history. Their body-fat content ranged from 4 to 21% of fasted live weight.Total body water (including the water in the gut contents) was reliably estimated from TOH space, measured after allowing an overnight 16 h waterless fast for TOH equilibration. Following this regime, residual D.M. in the gut contents amounted to 1·75% of fasted live weight. The relationships of body fat to body weight, and body fat to body water when both were expressed as percentages of body weight, were too variable to be used in any predictive fashion. Equations were derived, using fasted live weight, allowing the accurate estimation in vivo of the quantities of the chemical components in the whole body (i.e. total body minus D.M. in gut contents).It was demonstrated that the sum of total body water and total body fat constituted virtually 80% of total body tissues, and that total body protein closely approximated 80% of the fat-free dry matter, in cattle varying widely in body condition. These relationships constitute the physiological basis of the equations presented.Comparable principles appear to apply to sheep, and a range of other mammalian species.

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