scholarly journals Terrestrial lichen response to partial cutting in lodgepole pine forests on caribou winter range in west-central British Columbia

Rangifer ◽  
2011 ◽  
pp. 119-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela J. Waterhouse ◽  
Harold M. Armleder ◽  
Amanda F. L. Nemec
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Group Selection ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Woodland Caribou ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
West Central ◽  
The Impact

In west-central British Columbia, terrestrial lichens located in older, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests are important winter forage for woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). Clearcut harvesting effectively removes winter forage habitat for decades, so management approaches based on partial cutting were designed to maintain continuous lichen-bearing habitat for caribou. This study tested a group selection system, based on removal of 33% of the forest every 80 years in small openings (15 m diameter), and two irregular shelterwood treatments (whole-tree and stem-only harvesting methods) where 50% of the stand area is cut every 70 years in 20 to 30 m diameter openings. The abundance of common terrestrial lichens among the partial cutting and no-harvest treatments was compared across five replicate blocks, pre-harvest (1995) and post-harvest (1998, 2000 and 2004). The initial loss of preferred forage lichens (Cladonia, Cladina, Cetraria and Stereocaulon) was similar among harvesting treatments, but there was greater reduction in these lichens in the openings than in the residual forest. After eight years, forage lichens in the group selection treatment recovered to pre-harvest amounts, while lichen in the shelterwood treatments steadily increased from 49 to 57% in 1998 to about 70% of pre-harvest amounts in 2004. Although not part of the randomized block design, there was substantially less lichen in three adjacent clearcut blocks than in the partial cuts. Regression analysis pre- and post-harvest indicated that increased cover of trees, shrubs, herbs, woody debris and logging slash corresponded with decreased forage lichen abundance. In the short-term, forestry activities that minimize inputs of woody debris, control herb and shrub development, and moderate the changes in light and temperatures associated with canopy removal will lessen the impact on lichen. Implementation of stand level prescriptions is only one aspect of caribou habitat management. A comprehensive approach should consider all factors and their interactions to maintain a viable population of woodland caribou in west-central British Columbia.

Seedling response following partial cutting in lodgepole pine forests on caribou winter range in west-central British Columbia

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
N M Daintith ◽  
M J Waterhouse ◽  
H M Armleder
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Group Selection ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Height Growth ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
West Central ◽  
Interior Spruce

Group selection and irregular group shelterwood silvicultural systems were applied to older lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) forests in west-central British Columbia to determine their potential for maintaining northern caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) habitat. These silvicultural systems created small openings 15–30 m wide,which were planted with lodgepole pine and interior spruce (Picea glauca x Picea engelmannii) seedlings. Fifth-year survival and growth results indicate that either species could adequately regenerate the small openings created by partial cutting. Pine survival in the partial cuts (93–95%) was comparable to the clearcuts (94%). Pine height and height growth did not vary significantly between treatments; however, diameters were significantly larger in the clearcuts. After five years across all treatments, pine seedlings were 38–42 cm tall with diameters ranging from 7–11 mm. Spruce survival varied considerably between the clearcuts (35–98%) but was more consistent in the partial cuts (66–97%). Total height and height growth differed significantly among treatments, with the shortest spruce seedlings found in the clearcuts. Seedling diameter did not differ among treatments. Average fifth-year height ranged from 31 cm to 44 cm and diameters ranged from 7 mm to 9 mm. To maintain caribou habitat, species should be planted in similar proportions to the pre-harvest stand composition to avoid potential impacts on the terrestrial and arboreal lichens, which are important caribou forage. Key words: caribou, lodgepole pine, partial cutting, planted seedlings, interior spruce, group selection, irregular group shelterwood

scholarly journals Planted stock performance 10 years after partial cutting in west-central British Columbia

2010 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Waterhouse ◽  
E. C. Wallich ◽  
N. M. Daintith ◽  
H. M. Armleder
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Group Selection ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
Partial Harvest ◽  
Interior Spruce

Mature lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) forests were harvested using group selection (GS) (0.02-ha openings) and irregular group shelterwood (IGS) (0.05-ha openings) systems to maintain arboreal and terrestrial lichens in the winter range of northern woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou). Ten years after planting, lodgepole pine showed excellent survival, but were smaller in the partial cut openings compared to the clearcuts. Pine grew less in the Sub-Boreal Pine–Spruce biogeoclimatic subzone (SBPSxc) than in the Montane Spruce subzone (MSxv), and trees were smaller in the GS versus IGS treatment within the MSxv subzone. Interior spruce (Picea glauca × engelmannii) grew best in the MSxv and partial cut treatments, but was significantly affected by summer frost in the clearcuts. In an operational-scale Adaptive Management trial, openings were enlarged to 0.15 ha, and both pine and spruce showed excellent survival, minimal frost damage, and 10-year size similar to clearcut conditions. This study suggests that lodgepole pine and interior spruce can be successfully regenerated in partial cut openings with acceptable growth in gaps of 0.15 ha. Key words: caribou, group selection, interior spruce, irregular group shelterwood, light level, lodgepole pine, Montane Spruce zone, partial harvest, soil moisture, soil temperature, Sub-Boreal Pine Spruce zone, summer frost

scholarly journals Issues of Caribou Management in Northeastern British Columbia

Rangifer ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Scott Harrison ◽  
John Surgenor
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Prescribed Burning ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Woodland Caribou ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Gas Drilling ◽  
Resource Managers ◽  
Oil And Natural Gas ◽  
Few Data ◽  
The Impact

Woodland caribou inhabit most of Northeastern British Columbia. They live across a variety of climatic and geographic gradients and in areas with as many as seven other ungulate species and seven predatory species. This apparent variability in habitat use may suggest that caribou in the Northeast are wide ranging and ecologically plastic. Conversely, caribou in Northeastern B.C. may live in discrete groups that have adapted to local conditions. There are few published data of woodland caribou in Northeastern B.C. Information is lacking on the number of caribou, their seasonal movements, their habitat requirements, and their interactions with other species. Logging, seismic activity, pipeline construction, oil and natural gas drilling, hydro-electric dams, and prescribed burning have all impacted habitat in previously undeveloped areas. The manner and rate at which these activities are changing habitats far exceeds our growth in knowledge of caribou ecology. Given this combination of few data and rapid habitat alteration, resource managers cannot know the impact of these habitat changes. We believe that this jeopardises the conservation of viable caribou populations.

scholarly journals Arboreal forage lichen response to partial cutting of high elevation mountain caribou range in the Quesnel Higland of east-central British Columbia

Rangifer ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela J. Waterhouse ◽  
Harold M. Armleder ◽  
Amanda F. Linnell Nemec
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Group Selection ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Partial Cutting ◽  
East Central ◽  
Engelmann Spruce ◽  
Dead Trees ◽  
Alectoria Sarmentosa ◽  
Feeding Zone

Group selection silvicultural systems have been recommended for managing mountain caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) habitat in high elevation Engelmann spruce – subalpine fir forests in east-central British Columbia. We measured the response of arboreal lichen (a key winter forage) to harvesting of 30% of the forested area using three partial cutting treatments, which created small (0.03 ha), medium (0.13 ha), and large (1.0 ha) openings, and a no-harvest treatment. Treatments were replicated on four sites, and monitored over a ten year post-harvest period. The short-term loss of lichen associated with removal of approximately one third of the trees was partially offset by a significant (P=0.01) increase in lichen abundance on trees in the caribou feeding zone (up to 4.5 m) in the three partial cutting treatments relative to trees in the uncut forest. Differences among treatments in the change in lichen composition, as measured by the percentage of Alectoria sarmentosa and Bryoria spp., were marginally significant (P=0.10). The partial cutting treatments showing a greater likelihood of shifting towards more Bryoria spp. than no-harvest treatment (P=0.04). In the year of harvest (1993), larger trees were found to hold more lichen than smaller trees (P=0.04), and live trees supported more lichen than dead trees (P=0.01), but lichen loading was similar among tree species (P=0.51). Tree fall rates were similar among treatments, based on the ten year average (0.6–0.8% of sample trees per year). The results indicate that caribou foraging habitat is maintained in the residual forest when group selection systems that remove only 30% of the trees are applied. Information on the distribution of lichen is useful for developing stand level prescriptions. Providing lichen bearing habitat meets just one of the needs of caribou. A comprehensive approach that considers all factors and their interactions is essential to maintain and recover the threatened mountain caribou.

A module to simulate the impact of western gall rust (Cronartium harknessii) on merchantable volume and lumber yields for lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia) stands in British Columbia

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (11) ◽  
pp. 1379-1391
Author(s):  
Derek F. Sattler ◽  
James W. Goudie ◽  
Richard W. Reich
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
Stem Infection ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Tree Growth Model ◽  
The Impact

Western gall rust (Cronartium harknessii (J.P. Moore) E. Meinecke) is a pathogen that affects lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon var. latifolia Engelm. ex S. Watson) and has the potential to reduce lumber product yields derived from stands managed for the commercial production of timber. A dataset containing repeated measurements from 7775 trees located within the province of British Columbia, Canada, was used to develop equations that predict annual rates of stem infection, post-infection mortality, and the location of large stem galls. Results showed that annual rates of infection peaked between 3 and 5 years following stand establishment. Few new infections were predicted to occur beyond the stand age of 15 years. For an individual tree, the probability of first infection increased as its height increased relative to stand top height. The rate of mortality increased with the number of stem infections and was highest among trees infected within the first 3 years following planting. Mortality rates decreased thereafter, with many trees likely to survive to rotation. The equations predicting rust incidence and mortality were added to the Tree and Stand Simulator (TASS), an individual-tree growth model used within the province. A final equation predicting the location of large galls was added and allows TASS to account for losses due to the removal of stem defects during lumber manufacturing.

Barking Damage by Red Squirrels in Juvenile-spaced Lodgepole Pine Stands in South-Central British Columbia

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Brockley ◽  
E. Elmes
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Damage Potential ◽  
Red Squirrels ◽  
South Central ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Fire Origin

A survey was undertaken to assess the incidence and magnitude of barking injuries by red squirrels in juvenile stands of spaced lodgeppole pine in south-central British Columbia. Eleven of the 40 stands surveyed (27.5%) showed evidence of squirrel damage. Within damaged stands, an average of 51% of lodgepole pine crop trees exhibited barking injuries (ranging from 6 to 90%).The average diameter (6.8 cm) of damaged stands was significantly greater than that of undamaged stands (3.9 cm). Sixty-seven percent of stands with average diameters greater than 6 cm showed evidence of barking injuries, while only 11% of stands with average diameters less than 6 cm had been damaged. Squirrels preferentially attacked the larger-diameter stems in damaged stands. Data indicate that fire-origin stands are more susceptible to barking damage than stands naturally regenerated following harvesting.Inability to accurately assess either squirrel damage potential or its impact on growth and yield indicates that a conservative approach is necessary in spacing juvenile lodgepole pine in areas susceptible to squirrel attack. A two-step spacing strategy may be the most practical method of minimizing the impact of squirrel barking injuries. Key words: lodgepole pine, juvenile-spacing, red squirrels.

Impact of red squirrel feeding damage on spaced stands of lodgepole pine in the Cariboo Region of British Columbia

1987 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 666-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas P. Sullivan ◽  
Alan Vyse
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Lodgepole Pine ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Red Squirrel ◽  
Feeding Damage ◽  
Animal Damage ◽  
General Decline ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Number Of Stems ◽  
The Impact

This study measured the impact of red squirrel (Tamiasciurushudsonicus Erxleben) feeding damage on spaced stands of lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) in the Cariboo Forest Region of British Columbia. A limited regional assessment of animal damage in spaced stands indicated that squirrels were the most important small mammal damage agents and that lodgepole pine was the only tree species susceptible to squirrel feeding (bark and vascular tissues) injuries. Intensive assessment of damage in two stands showed that squirrel attack was significantly greater among large- (>60 mm dbh) than small-diameter stems. Significantly more spaced than control (unspaced) crop trees were attacked. There was a general decline in the proportion of trees wounded from 1980 to 1985. Some damaged trees grew faster in diameter than undamaged trees of the same size. However, at one study area, damaged trees showed faster radial growth than undamaged trees before and after squirrel attack. Squirrels appear to prefer feeding on vigorous stems and the lost growth of these trees may be substantial. Height growth of damaged trees was significantly reduced in one stand in the years following squirrel damage. Some limit to a tree's capacity to sustain damage, beyond which mortality is inevitable, seems likely. Impact of damage to spaced stands may be minimized by delaying spacing in susceptible areas or by increasing the prescribed number of stems remaining after spacing to compensate for expected mortality and severe damage.

scholarly journals Impact of Salinity on Quality and Post-Harvest Conservation of Gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
D. L. de Morais ◽  
E. M. M. Aroucha ◽  
F. de A. de Oliveira ◽  
J. F. de Medeiros ◽  
C. A. de Paiva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saline Solution ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Total Sugar Content ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
The Impact

Gherkin presents short shelf life. Its quality is influenced by cultivation’s conditions which has scarce information in the literature. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of salinity on quality and post-harvest conservation of gherkin. For this, an experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, with treatments arranged in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme (two cultivars, ‘Do Norte’ and ‘Liso Gibão’ and four salinity levels; 2.0, 3.5 and 5.0 dSm-1), with three replicates, with the experimental unit being represented by six plastic vessels with capacity of 10 liters, each one with one plant. Harvest was carried out 60 days after planting of seedlings and the following analyzes were proceeded: length, fruit diameter; soluble solids content (SS); titratable acidity (TA); SS/TA ratio; total sugar content; chlorophyll and total phenolic content. The highest yield (‘Liso Gibão’) allowed the storage of fruits, stored in trays covered with PVC, at 15±2 °C and 85±2% RH for 0, 3, and 6 days. Increase in saline solution reduced fruit length and diameter and increased pH, soluble solids and SS/TA ratio. The cultivar ‘Liso Gibão’ was superior to ‘Do Norte’ cultivar for the variables length, diameter, pH, total sugars and SS/TA ratio. The fruits of the ‘Liso Gibão’ mixer can be stored for six days without loss of quality. Fruits cultivated with saline solution of 2.0 dS m-1 presented higher acidity and chlorophyll content during storage, but reduced total sugars and pH in fruits of gherkin.

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