scholarly journals Habitat use by domestic reindeer in relation to food quality and disturbance - need for research? (In Swedish with Summary in English)

Rangifer ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Christina Skarpe ◽  
Duncan Halley
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Very High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Vegetation Maps ◽  
And Behavior

Competition for land in the mountains can be foreseen to increase in the near future. This development will result in trade offs and prioritization between the different demands for land. For reindeer husbandry it is essential to motivate the need for control over good grazing land for different seasons and situations, not only by preventing direct exploitation of such land, but also to minimize disturbance by traffic and people in the vicinity. It will therefore be important to demonstrate in quantitative terms 1) what habitat types and areas that are essential for the reindeer in different seasons and situations and for different activities (grazing, resting, protection for insects etc), and 2) how different forms and intensities of disturbance affect the reindeer. We plan a project with these aims and will primarily work with the summer grazing situation. For many years we have run a similar project related to sheep grazing in the vicinity of Hessdalen, and we have developed methods and techniques that to a large extent are applicable to reindeer. We will discuss methods and results from the sheep study, how they can apply to reindeer, and provide the quantitative information needed. We use modern, high resolution GPS telemetry with very high spatial resolution (95% within ca 6.4 m), and frequent recording, e.g., every five minutes during some periods. This provides knowledge not only of the movements by the animals in the landscape, but also on their activities and will be related to vegetation maps with the same accuracy as the telemetry data (from aerial photographs, offering higher resolution than available satellite data). Results show that sheep use only a very small portion of the available rangeland, and that selectivity varies with season and weather conditions. Almost certainly the situation is similar with reindeer, although the two species have rather different grazing pattern, with reindeer being much more mobile than sheep. We plan to use the same methods to describe what habitats and areas are essential for reindeer, and how it varies over time, with weather, insect abundance etc. The highly accurate telemetry also provides possibilities to quantify how different types and intensities of disturbance affects the habitat use and behavior of the different reindeer categories.

A tes

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
IJE Manager
Keyword(s):  
Energy Supply ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
A Site ◽  
Selection Methodology

In the past century, fossil fuels have dominated energy supply in Indonesia. However, concerns over emissions are likely to change the future energy supply. As people become more conscious of environmental issues, alternatives for energy are sought to reduce the environmental impacts. These include renewable energy (RE) sources such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, most RE sources like solar PV are not available continuously since they depend on weather conditions, in addition to geographical location. Bali has a stable and long sunny day with 12 hours of daylight throughout the year and an average insolation of 5.3 kWh/m2 per day. This study looks at the potential for on-grid solar PV to decarbonize energy in Bali. A site selection methodology using GIS is applied to measure solar PV potential. Firstly, the study investigates the boundaries related to environmental acceptability and economic objectives for land use in Bali. Secondly, the potential of solar energy is estimated by defining the suitable areas, given the technical assumptions of solar PV. Finally, the study extends the analysis to calculate the reduction in emissions when the calculated potential is installed. Some technical factors, such as tilting solar, and intermittency throughout the day, are outside the scope of this study. Based on this model, Bali has an annual electricity potential for 32-53 TWh from solar PV using amorphous thin-film silicon as the cheapest option. This potential amount to three times the electricity supply for the island in 2024 which is estimated at 10 TWh. Bali has an excessive potential to support its own electricity demand with renewables, however, some limitations exist with some trade-offs to realize the idea. These results aim to build a developmental vision of solar PV systems in Bali based on available land and the region’s irradiation.

Hormones and Behavior

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-26
Author(s):  
Maren N. Vitousek ◽  
Laura A. Schoenle
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Behavior

Hormones mediate the expression of life history traits—phenotypic traits that contribute to lifetime fitness (i.e., reproductive timing, growth rate, number and size of offspring). The endocrine system shapes phenotype by organizing tissues during developmental periods and by activating changes in behavior, physiology, and morphology in response to varying physical and social environments. Because hormones can simultaneously regulate many traits (hormonal pleiotropy), they are important mediators of life history trade-offs among growth, reproduction, and survival. This chapter reviews the role of hormones in shaping life histories with an emphasis on developmental plasticity and reversible flexibility in endocrine and life history traits. It also discusses the advantages of studying hormone–behavior interactions from an evolutionary perspective. Recent research in evolutionary endocrinology has provided insight into the heritability of endocrine traits, how selection on hormone systems may influence the evolution of life histories, and the role of hormonal pleiotropy in driving or constraining evolution.

scholarly journals A Multicriteria Decision Model for Assessment of Failure Consequences in the RCM Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo H. Alencar ◽  
Adiel T. de Almeida
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mode ◽  
Decision Model ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Maintenance Planning ◽  
Multiattribute Utility ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Multicriteria Decision ◽  
Reliability Centered Maintenance ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
And Behavior

This paper proposes a multicriteria decision model based on MAUT (Multiattribute Utility Theory) incorporated into an RCM (Reliability Centered Maintenance) approach in order to provide a better assessment of the consequences of failure, allowing a more effective maintenance planning. MAUT provides an evaluation of probability distributions on each attribute as well as trade-offs involving lotteries. The model proposed takes advantage of such evaluations and it also restructures consequence groups established in an RCM approach into new five dimensions. As a result, overall indices of utility are computed for each failure mode analyzed. With these values, the ranking of the alternatives is established. The decision-maker’s preferences are taken into account so that the final result for each failure mode incorporates subjective aspects based on the decision-maker’s perceptions and behavior.

scholarly journals Images and Symbols of Small Cattle in the Mythological Representations and Rituals of the Buryats

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 157-168
Author(s):  
Andrew A. Badmaev
Keyword(s):  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Well Being ◽  
General Description ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Sheep Meat ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Fundamental Values ◽  
Negative Connotation ◽  
Comparative Description

Purpose. The aim of the study is to identify a complex of Buryat mythological views about small cattle. Results. The first part of the article gives a general description of small cattle in traditional Buryat culture. It is noted that the Buryats noticed the morphological features and behavior of sheep and goats and transmitted these observations through the works of small genres of folklore. It is stated that in Buryat anthroponymy there are names associated with the names of small cattle. It is shown that the images of a ram and sheep were included in the concept of time and space. The Buryats used sheep meat and some of its internal organs for medicinal purposes. In the second part of the work, a comparative description of the images and symbols of small cattle in the traditional representations and rituals of the Buryats is given. The functions of small cattle in Buryat rites are considered. Based on the data of Buryat rites, the symbolism of these animals and their zoological characteristics are revealed. Conclusion. It is revealed that the images of a goat and ram / sheep are multi-valued and generally have a positive connotation associated with the fundamental values – the sky, celestial bodies, and so on. The goat endowed with heavenly, solar, fiery symbols is associated with the idea of fertility; marriage symbolism is inherent to the goat. The image of a ram / sheep is associated with the sky, stars, moon and fire. It was found that small cattle carry the symbol-ism of well-being. It is noted that the negative connotation of small cattle is due to the idea of them as messengers of death, misfortune and the decline in weather conditions. It is determined that in Buryat rites, small cattle were victims, sacrificed to the higher animal forces. It is revealed that the sacred status of the ram/sheep is more pronounced in the rites than that of the goat.

scholarly journals Sentinel-1 and -2 Based near Real Time Inland Excess Water Mapping for Optimized Water Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2854 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boudewijn van Leeuwen ◽  
Zalán Tobak ◽  
Ferenc Kovács
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Remote Sensing Data ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Sensing Data ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Excess Water ◽  
Frequent Monitoring

Changing climate is expected to cause more extreme weather patterns in many parts of the world. In the Carpathian Basin, it is expected that the frequency of intensive precipitation will increase causing inland excess water (IEW) in parts of the plains more frequently, while currently the phenomenon already causes great damage. This research presents and validates a new methodology to determine the extent of these floods using a combination of passive and active remote sensing data. The method can be used to monitor IEW over large areas in a fully automated way based on freely available Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 remote sensing imagery. The method is validated for two IEW periods in 2016 and 2018 using high-resolution optical satellite data and aerial photographs. Compared to earlier remote sensing data-based methods, our method can be applied under unfavorite weather conditions, does not need human interaction and gives accurate results for inundations larger than 1000 m2. The overall accuracy of the classification exceeds 99%; however, smaller IEW patches are underestimated due to the spatial resolution of the input data. Knowledge on the location and duration of the inundations helps to take operational measures against the water but is also required to determine the possibilities for storage of water for dry periods. The frequent monitoring of the floods supports sustainable water management in the area better than the methods currently employed.

Climate, competition and weather conditions drive vertical displacement and habitat use of an alpine ungulate in a highly topographic landscape

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 2523-2539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivar Herfindal ◽  
Pia Anderwald ◽  
Flurin Filli ◽  
Seraina Campell Andri ◽  
Thomas Rempfler
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Vertical Displacement

Bioeconomic modelling of woody regrowth carbon offset options in productive grazing systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Gowen ◽  
Steven G. Bray
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Carbon Price ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Bioeconomic Modelling ◽  
Key Variables ◽  
Relative Profitability

Agricultural land has been identified as a potential source of greenhouse gas emissions offsets through biosequestration in vegetation and soil. In the extensive grazing land of Australia, landholders may participate in the Australian Government’s Emissions Reduction Fund and create offsets by reducing woody vegetation clearing and allowing native woody plant regrowth to grow. This study used bioeconomic modelling to evaluate the trade-offs between an existing central Queensland grazing operation, which has been using repeated tree clearing to maintain pasture growth, and an alternative carbon and grazing enterprise in which tree clearing is reduced and the additional carbon sequestered in trees is sold. The results showed that ceasing clearing in favour of producing offsets produces a higher net present value over 20 years than the existing cattle enterprise at carbon prices, which are close to current (2015) market levels (~$13 t–1 CO2-e). However, by modifying key variables, relative profitability did change. Sensitivity analysis evaluated key variables, which determine the relative profitability of carbon and cattle. In order of importance these were: the carbon price, the gross margin of cattle production, the severity of the tree–grass relationship, the area of regrowth retained, the age of regrowth at the start of the project, and to a lesser extent the cost of carbon project administration, compliance and monitoring. Based on the analysis, retaining regrowth to generate carbon income may be worthwhile for cattle producers in Australia, but careful consideration needs to be given to the opportunity cost of reduced cattle income.

Trade-offs between headway, fare, and real-time bus information under different weather conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-240
Author(s):  
Md Matiur Rahman ◽  
Lina Kattan ◽  
S. C. Wirasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Trade Offs

scholarly journals Cartographic Remote-Sensing Monitoring of Glaciological Systems (Example, Mount El‛ Brus, U.S.S.R.) (Abstract)

1987 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 247-248
Author(s):  
Yu. F. Knizhnikov ◽  
V.I. Kravtsova ◽  
I.A. Labutina
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
Aerial Photographs ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Remote Sensing Monitoring ◽  
Periglacial Zone

Remote-sensing methods in monitoring the glacierization of Mount EI‛ brus are used to produce base and dynamic maps, and to obtain quantitative information (dynamic indices) about the rate, intensity, and variations of the process. The monitoring system is divided, according to scope and territory covered, into small-scale for total glacierization and the periglacial zone, medium-scale for separate glaciers, and large-scale (detailed) for part of the glaciers or sectors of the adjoining slopes. The approximate relationship of even scales is 1 : 4. Small-scale monitoring remote-sensing systems are important for making maps showing the complex characteristics of the glaciological system. A series of maps was produced including geographical, those of high-altitude zones, slope and exposure angles, geological, glaciomorphological, climatic (temperature, precipitation, and winds), distribution of direct solar radiation, hydrological (source of streams), seats of avalanches, and landslides. All these data serve as a cartographical basis in monitoring the glacierization of Mount EI‛ brus. They are compiled from remotely sensed and Earth-based data. Current monitoring on a small scale includes observations of the conditions which determine the existence of the glacial system - this includes data on winter snowfall and the period of snow cover. These observations were obtained from meteorological and resource satellites, and from scanner data of medium and high resolution. Also important are observations of changes in the outline of glaciers, times of snowfall and character of the distribution of snow, and its redistribution due to avalanches and snowstorms. High-resolution space photographs, small-scale aerial photographs, and aerovisual observations provide the data for these observations. It has been determined that the area of the glaciers of Mount El‛ brus has been reduced by 1 % in the last 25 years, i.e. the rate of its deglacierization dropped sharply as compared to preceding decades. The role of quantitative information gains importance in the medium-scale level of monitoring. Topographical maps of separate glaciers compiled from aerial photographs or data from ground stereo-photogrammetric surveys constitute the base maps at this level. The main method used in monitoring were large-scale surveys from aircraft, perspective surveys from helicopters, and phototheodolite surveys. Multi-date surveys of the glaciers provide data about the changes in their outlines and height, the character of their relief, their moraines, the amount of snow accumulation and ablation in separate years, the surface rates of ice flow and their fluctuations. The techniques by which quantitative information is obtained about changes in the glaciers are derived from processing the data of multi-date surveys. The organization and techniques of phototheodolite surveys have been improved. A theory evolved for determining the surface-ice movement by stereo-photogrammetric means and the technique for it has also improved; algorithms and programs for machine processing of the data of multi-date surveys (ground and from aircraft) have been produced At this level of monitoring, it has been found that the retreat rate of most glaciers has slowed down and several glaciers are now in equilibrium. Several glaciers became active at the beginning of the 1970s and 1980s; this was accompanied by an increase in their height and forward movement. For example, activation of Kyukyurtlyu Glacier has been recorded (higher surface and increasing flow rate) which has caused the glacier to move forward 100 m. Surveys at an interval of 2 years recorded the beginning of the process of retreat of this glacier. Detailed monitoring is used to detect the mechanism of the dynamic processes and to study it on local representative sectors. On a glacier it may take the form of annual surveys of its tongue, which makes it possible to observe the processes of formation of moraines and glacio-fluvial relief. Studies may also be made of the mechanism of the movement of avalanches and landslides, deducing their quantitative characteristics and appraising the results of avalanches and landslides. Multi-date surveys of sectors of the slopes provide information about processes in the periglacial zone. At this level, regularly repeated ground stereo-photogrammetric surveys are the main means of observation. Glaciological remote-sensing monitoring provides a wealth of data for theoretical development in the field of glaciology. It makes it possible to forecast and produce warnings about hazardous processes and phenomena.

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