scholarly journals Domestication of ruminant livestock and the impact of nematode parasites:possible implications for the reindeer industry

Rangifer ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50
Author(s):  
Peter J. Waller
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Metazoan Parasites ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Microbial Infections ◽  
Lactating Females ◽  
Good Nutritional State ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Ruminant Livestock

In a balanced ecological system, both host and nematode parasite populations are firmly controlled by a complex array of interacting factors. However domestication of livestock has tipped the balance in favour of the parasites. This is due to increasing the proportion of susceptible animals in the herd or flock (lactating females and weaned young animals), increasing stocking rate, increasing productivity demands and decreasing the movement of the animals. In contrast with microbial infections, where multiplication takes place entirely within the host, metazoan parasites have both a parasitic phase and a free-living phase. Every worm present has been separately acquired by the ingestion of free-living stages on pasture. Immunity to nematodes develops slowly, it is labile, and its maintenance is dependent upon a good nutritional state of the animal. Consequently, worm parasites are ubiquitous wherever livestock are kept and they impose a constant and often a high infectious pressure on grazing animals. Nematode infections in grazing livestock are almost always a mixture of species. All have deleterious effects and collectively lead to chronic ill thrift. Economic evaluations repeatedly show that the major losses due to parasites are on animal production, rather than on mortality. This paper focuses on the problems of nematode parasites; problems associated with drug use (anthelmintic resistance, environmental impact) and costs of nematode infections for the common ruminant livestock industries (cattle, sheep, goats), with possible analogies for the semi-domesticated reindeer industry.

Administration of the nematophagous fungus Duddingtonia flagrans to goats: an evaluation of the impact of this fungus on the degradation of faeces and on free-living soil nematodes

2011 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Paraud ◽  
R. Lorrain ◽  
I. Pors ◽  
C. Chartier
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Nematophagous Fungus ◽  
Soil Nematode ◽  
Duddingtonia Flagrans ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Rate Analysis ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Doses

AbstractThe environmental impact of Duddingtonia flagrans, a potential biological control agent for nematode parasites, was tested in a 2-year-plot study using goat faeces. The trial assessed the impact of fungal presence on the disintegration of faeces and on non-target, free-living soil nematode populations. Three groups of goats experimentally infected by Trichostrongylus colubriformis received three different doses of D. flagrans chlamydospores (0 chlamydospores/kg body weight (BW), 0.5 × 106 chlamydospores/kg BW or 5 × 106 chlamydospores/kg BW). One hundred grams of faeces containing T. colubriformis eggs and D. flagrans chlamydospores at three different concentrations were deposited on pasture plots on four different occasions: May 2003, September 2003, June 2004 and September 2004. Faeces were weighed 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 weeks after deposit and immediately afterwards replaced to their initial positions. In addition, soil samples were taken just below faecal deposits to evaluate the impact of fungal presence on non-target free-living nematodes. Results showed that there was no treatment effect on the pellet degradation rate. Analysis of soil nematode fauna failed to demonstrate any effect of the dose rate of 0.5 × 106 chlamydospores/kg BW, while a reduction of the number of free-living nematodes was seen for the maximal chlamydospore concentration at autumn sets.

Value assessment of antimicrobials and the implications for development, access, and funding of effective treatments: Australian stakeholder perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Nadine T. Hillock ◽  
Tracy L. Merlin ◽  
Jonathan Karnon ◽  
John Turnidge ◽  
Jaklin Eliott
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Healthcare Resource ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Value Assessment ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Stakeholder Perspective ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Potential Use

Abstract Background The frameworks used by Health Technology Assessment (HTA) agencies for value assessment of medicines aim to optimize healthcare resource allocation. However, they may not be effective at capturing the value of antimicrobial drugs. Objectives To analyze stakeholder perceptions regarding how antimicrobials are assessed for value for reimbursement purposes and how the Australian HTA framework accommodates the unique attributes of antimicrobials in cost-effectiveness evaluation. Methods Eighteen individuals representing the pharmaceutical industry or policy-makers were interviewed. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, coded, and thematically analyzed. Results Key emergent themes were that reimbursement decision-making should consider the antibiotic spectrum when assessing value, risk of shortages, the impact of procurement processes on low-priced comparators, and the need for methodological transparency when antimicrobials are incorporated into the economic evaluation of other treatments. Conclusions Participants agreed that the current HTA framework for antimicrobial value assessment is inadequate to properly inform funding decisions, as the contemporary definition of cost-effectiveness fails to explicitly incorporate the risk of future resistance. Policy-makers were uncertain about how to incorporate future resistance into economic evaluations without a systematic method to capture costs avoided due to good stewardship. Lacking financial reward for the benefits of narrower-spectrum antimicrobials, companies will likely focus on developing broad-spectrum agents with wider potential use. The perceived risks of shortages have influenced the funding of generic antimicrobials in Australia, with policy-makers suggesting a willingness to pay more for assured supply. Although antibiotics often underpin the effectiveness of other medicines, it is unclear how this is incorporated into economic models.

scholarly journals Measuring capability wellbeing in adults at different stages of life for use in economic evaluation of health and care interventions: a qualitative investigation in people requiring kidney care

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Mark Mitchell ◽  
Samantha Husbands ◽  
Sabina Sanghera ◽  
Fergus John Caskey ◽  
Jemima Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Stage ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Qualitative Investigation ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose Capability wellbeing measures, such as the ICECAP measures, have been proposed for use in economic evaluations to capture broader outcomes of health and care interventions. The ICECAP measures have been developed to reflect capabilities at different stages of life. Some patient groups include patients of different ages and at different stages of life, so it is not always apparent which ICECAP measure is most relevant. This study explores the impact of age and life stage on completion, where both ICECAP-A and ICECAP-O were completed by the same patient. Methods A think-aloud study, and an associated semi-structured interview were conducted with people receiving kidney care as a renal outpatient, kidney transplant outpatient, or through receiving facility-based haemodialysis. Qualitative analysis focused on (1) differences in responses across measures by individuals, where attributes had conceptual overlap, (2) key factors in self-reported capability levels, and (3) measure preference. Results Thirty participants were included in the study, with a mix of older and younger adults. Attributes with similar wording across measures produced similar responses compared to attributes where wording differed. Age and health were key factors for self-reported capability levels. ICECAP-A was slightly preferred overall, including by older adults. Conclusion This study suggests use of ICECAP-A in patients with certain chronic health conditions that include a mix of adults across the life course. This study highlights the importance of considering the stage of life when using capability measures and in economic evaluations of health and care interventions more generally.

Anthelmintic resistance in nematode parasites of cattle: a global issue?

2011 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 176-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian A. Sutherland ◽  
Dave M. Leathwick
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Global Issue

The Impact of Hypoglycemia on Productivity Loss and Utility in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Treated with Insulin in Real-World Canadian Practice: Protocol for a Prospective Study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronique Lambert-Obry ◽  
Jean-Philippe Lafrance ◽  
Michelle Savoie ◽  
Jean Lachaine
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Real World ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Economic Modeling ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Productivity Cost ◽  
Productivity Losses ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) imposes a significant burden, with its increasing prevalence and life-threatening complications. In patients not achieving glycemic targets on oral antidiabetic drugs, initiation of insulin is recommended. However, a serious concern about insulin is drug-induced hypoglycemia. Hypoglycemia is known to affect quality of life and healthcare resource utilization. However, health economics and outcomes research (HEOR) data for economic modeling are limited, particularly in terms of utility values and productivity losses. OBJECTIVE The aim of this real-world prospective study is to assess the impact of hypoglycemia on productivity and utility in insulin-treated T2DM adults from Ontario and Quebec (Canada). METHODS This noninterventional, multicenter, 3-month prospective study will recruit patients from four medical clinics and two endocrinology/diabetes clinics. Patients will be identified using appointment lists, and enrolled through consecutive sampling during routinely scheduled consultations. To be eligible, patients must be ≥18 years of age, diagnosed with T2DM, and treated with insulin. Utility and productivity will be collected using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire and the iMTA Productivity Cost Questionnaire (iPCQ), respectively. Questionnaires will be completed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks after recruitment. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) models will be used to investigate productivity losses and utility decrements associated with incident hypoglycemic events while controlling for individual patient characteristics. A total of 500 patients will be enrolled to ensure precision of HEOR estimates. RESULTS This study is designed to fill a gap in the Canadian evidence on the impact of hypoglycemia on HEOR outcomes. More specifically, it will generate productivity and utility inputs for economic modeling in T2DM. CONCLUSIONS Insulin therapies are expensive, and hypoglycemia is a significant component of economic evaluations. Robust HEOR data may help health technology assessment (HTA) agencies in future reimbursement decision making.

scholarly journals Haematophagic Caenorhabditis elegans

Parasitology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veeren M Chauhan ◽  
David I Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Fluorescent Microscopy ◽  
Free Living ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Vaccine Responses ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Free Living Nematode ◽  
Bright Emission

AbstractCaenorhabditis elegans is a free-living nematode that resides in soil and typically feeds on bacteria. We postulate that haematophagic C. elegans could provide a model to evaluate vaccine responses to intestinal proteins from hematophagous nematode parasites, such as Necator americanus. Human erythrocytes, fluorescently labelled with tetramethylrhodamine succinimidyl ester, demonstrated a stable bright emission and facilitated visualization of feeding events with fluorescent microscopy. C. elegans were observed feeding on erythrocytes and were shown to rupture red blood cells upon capture to release and ingest their contents. In addition, C. elegans survived equally on a diet of erythrocytes. There was no statistically significant difference in survival when compared with a diet of Escherichia coli OP50. The enzymes responsible for the digestion and detoxification of haem and haemoglobin, which are key components of the hookworm vaccine, were found in the C. elegans intestine. These findings support our postulate that free-living nematodes could provide a model for the assessment of neutralizing antibodies to current and future hematophagous parasite vaccine candidates.

Global perspectives on nematode parasite control in ruminant livestock: the need to adopt alternatives to chemotherapy, with emphasis on biological control

2003 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Waller
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Parasite Control ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
Global Perspectives ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Recent Innovation ◽  
Prophylactic Use ◽  
Grazing Livestock ◽  
Ruminant Livestock

AbstractEffective, sustainable control of nematode parasites of grazing livestock is becoming evermore challenging and difficult. This is largely due to two contrasting issues. One is the rapid escalation of resistance to anthelmintic drugs, which is arguably the greatest problem now facing the small ruminant industries worldwide. Secondly, there is the increasing trend towards organic farming, in which there is prohibition of the prophylactic use of all chemical compounds. Livestock producers urgently need non-chemotherapeutic alternatives in parasite control. Researchers have responded to this challenge and a variety of quite different approaches have been the subject of intense investigation in many countries for several decades now. These vary in relation to their stage of development for on-farm use, their utility, and their applicability across the spectrum of grazing livestock enterprises throughout the world. One relatively recent innovation is the biological control approach to nematode parasites. This has now reached the stage of commercialization. This review focuses on these issues and provides an overview of the possible ways in which the biological control of nematode parasites could be employed in grazing ruminant livestock systems worldwide.

scholarly journals The role of vaccines in combating antimicrobial resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Jit ◽  
B Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae Type ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Animal Pathogens ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Vaccination is one of the most effective measures to reduce antimicrobial resistance in both human and animal pathogens. This presentation reviews the multiple pathways by which vaccines may act to reduce resistance: they can prevent infections by focal pathogens, reducing the need to use antibiotics; they can selectively protect against resistant subtypes of a pathogen; they can reduce infections by other pathogen species which are routinely treated with antibiotics (not necessarily appropriately) thus reducing bystander selection; and they could selectively reduce transmission in settings such as hospitals which may have higher proportions of resistant strains. Because vaccines are highly specific to their targeted pathogens, they are much less likely to induce resistance compared to antibiotics. Hence, they can be delivered to large populations as a preventive measure to reduce transmission. The impact of vaccination on resistance has been demonstrated for vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b and influenza. Current and pipeline vaccines against pathogens such as Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, RSV, diarrhoeal viruses and nosocomial bacteria may also have potential to reduce resistance. Economic evaluations of vaccines need to be expanded to capture their benefits in reducing resistance, in order to incentivize development and introduction of the right vaccines. Accurately doing so will require health systems, epidemiological and economic research.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document