scholarly journals Effect of wind on Svalbard reindeer fur insulation

Rangifer ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Cuyler ◽  
Nils A. Øritsland

The heat transfer through Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) fur samples was studied with respect to wind velocity, season and animal age. A total of 33 dorsal fur sections were investigated using a wind tunnel. Insulation varied with season (calving, summer, autumn and winter). At zero wind velocity, fur insulation was significantly different between seasons for both calf and adult fur samples. At the same time, there was no significant difference between calf and adult insulation for the summer, autumn and winter seasons. Calf fur insulated as well as adult fur. Winter insulation of Svalbard reindeer was approximately 3 times that of summer. Increasing wind veloci¬ty increased heat loss, however, the increase was not dramatic. When wind coefficients (slope) of the heat transfer regression lines were compared, between season and between calf and adult, no significant differences were reported. All fur samples showed similar increases in heat transfer for wind velocities between 0 and 10 m.s-1. The conductance of winter fur of Svalbard reindeer was almost half that of caribou fur. Also, conductance was not as greatly influenced by wind as caribou fur

Rangifer ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Cuyler ◽  
Nils A. Øritsland

Heat transfer through dry and wet Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) summer and winter midback fur samples was studied in a wind tunnel. A light wetting water spray simulated heavy fog, mist or light rain, while heavy soaking simulated heavy rain. Wind velocities ranged from 0 to 10 m.s-1. Calf fur samples were from June, August and March. Adult fur samples were females from August and March. There was no evidence for increased heat loss from lightly wet fur relative to dry fur. Calm air conductance decreased for calf fur (P’s < 0.05). Adult fur also decreased, however, the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). Further, wind coefficients and regressions for lightly wet fur were similar or below those for dry fur. A thin water film forming on the fur surface may have caused this. It is unlikely that a light rain, fog or mist would cause increased heat loss for Svalbard reindeer, and no increase of metabolic heat production would be needed to maintain thermoregulation. Only the simulated heavy rain dramatically raised heat loss from the fur samples examined regardless of age or season, e.g., heavy soaking increased calm air conductance for all furs (P’s < 0.05). This was likely due to the addition of evaporative heat loss from the fur surface and a reduction in the amount of trapped air within the fur. Windchill was of minor importance, since wind coefficients were generally close to zero, meaning increasing wind velocity only marginally raised heat loss even with the added effect of evaporative heat loss. Rain would cause greater insulation loss than increasing wind velocity in Svalbard reindeer of all ages, with the exception of calves under one month old, which could experience dramatic insulation loss from a combination of heavy rain and windchill. Dry or wet, Svalbard reindeer fur appears to provide better insulation than fur of others of their species.Abstract in Danish / Abstrakt: Varmetab fra tørre og våde Svalbard rensdyr (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) blev studeret fra midtrygs pelsprøver fra henholdsvis sommer og vinter. Pelsprøverne målte 30 cm x 30 cm og blev undersøgt i en vindtunnel. En simuleret tæt tåge eller støvregn blev dannet ved at fugte pelsprøverne med vandsprøjtning, mens gennemblødning simulerede kraftig regnvejr. Vindhastighed varierede fra 0 til 10 m.s-1. Pelsprøver fra kalve blev indsamlet i juni, august og marts, og fra voksne simler i august og marts. Der var ingen tegn på øget varmetab fra let fugtige pelsprøve relativ til de tørre pelsprøve. Vindstillekonduktansen var reducerede i kalvepelsprøve (P’s < 0.05). Samme tendens blev ligeledes observeret i pelsprøverne fra de voksne dyr, men ingen signifikant forskel (P’s > 0.05). Desuden var vindkoefficienter og regressionslinjer fra let fugtige pelsprøve meget lig de tørre pelsprøve, eller mindre. Dette kan være forårsaget af en tynd vandhinde på pelsprøvens overflade. Formodentlig vil der ikke forekomme øget varmetab hos Svalbard rensdyr ved tæt tåge eller støvregn, hvilket betyder at stofskiftet ikke øges for at bibeholde termobalancen. Kun kraftig regn, øgede varmetabet fra samtlige prøver uanset dyrets alder eller årstid. Dette blev påvist ved at vindstillekonduktansen var steget (P’s < 0.05), antageligt forårsaget af det tilføjet fordampningsvarmetab fra pelsens overflade, samt en reduktion af indfanget stilleluft i selve pelsen. Vindchill var af meget lille betydning idet vindkoefficienter generelt var lig nul. Dette medfører at øget vindhastighed kun øger varmetabet meget lidt i våde pelsprøve. Kraftig regnvejr giver større tab af isolation end en øgning i vindhastighed for Svalbard rensdyr, undtagen kalve under en måneden gamle, som bliver udsat for et dramatiske isolationstab som følge af en kombination af kraftig regnvejr og vindfaktor. I både tør eller våd tilstand har Svalbard rensdyr tilsyneladende en bedre isolation end andre underarter af rensdyr.


Author(s):  
D.V. Tarasevych ◽  
◽  
O.V. Bogdan ◽  

When choosing architectural and planning solutions, such climatic factors as air temperature and humidity, having scalar quantities, as well as solar radiation, wind and precipitation having vector characteristics, must be taken into account. The calculated climatic parameters for the design of building enclosing structures, heat loss calculations and heat supply regulation are provided in the current documentation on norms and standards. The practical exploitation of various buildings demonstrates that in terms of initial climatic data, the choice of design parameters is not always efficiently justified; hence, the influence of the environment on the heating regime of the structures is insufficient in the estimations and sometimes erroneous. The wind is one of such climatic parameters. Its velocity and repeatability impact the heat exchange of the building structure with the environment as well as the alteration in temperature regime. The wind current towards the building creates additional pressure on the facade of the construction from the wind side direction. This leads, firstly, to air infiltration via the enclosing structures, and secondly, to the rise of heat exchange from the outer surface of the wall on the windward side. Based on estimated and analytical research, the values of the change in wind velocity depending on the altitude were analyzed, and its influence on the heat loss during heating of multi-storey buildings was assessed. The alterations in the wind velocity depending on the altitude were analyzed in the conditions of dense (urban) and broad construction. Besides, the authors presented the dependence of the convective component of the heat transfer coefficient of the outer surface of the structure on the values of the wind velocity. Based on the performed and presented calculations, it can be noticed that the heat transfer of the external structure will be much higher for multi-storey buildings than for mid-rise constructions. Thus, the convective component of the heat transfer coefficient of the outer surface rises by 36 % when the wind velocity increases from 5 m/s to 7 m/s. If not taking into consideration this dependence in the design, it can significantly influence the estimation of heat loss and energy efficiency of buildings, especially when it is about the increased percentage of facades glazing. The authors of the article assessed the heat loss for heating the windward and leeward facades at average values of the outside air temperature during the heating season in Ukraine. Hence, for constructions higher than 70 m with a calculated wind velocity of 5 m/s, heat losses increase from 10 % to 19 %. Such great difference in heat loss between the windward and leeward walls of the building requires increased thermal protection from the prevailing winter winds. Therefore, when designing multi-storey buildings, it is necessary to take into account changes in wind velocity according to the altitude. The obtained results can be useful both for choosing architectural and planning solutions, like the materials for external enclosing structures and for the objective assessment of the wind protection degree of individual buildings and territories.


1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
GI Pearman

An account is given of techniques and methods used in measurement of convective heat transfer from leaves of the succulent Carpobrotus. Heat transfer was studied under still air conditions and in wind (in a specially constructed wind-tunnel) up to velocities of 300 cm sec-1. A correlation was demonstrated between experimentally obtained values of heat transfer coefficients and theoretical values calculated from empirical formulae. At wind velocities of 300 cm sec-1 the heat transfer coefficient for Carpobrotus was increased to seven times its value still air.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia Pan ◽  
Zhenyi Wang ◽  
Yong Gao ◽  
Xiaohong Dang

&lt;p&gt;A better understanding of the distribution of the airflow field and wind velocity around the simulated shrubs is essential to provide optimized design and maximize the efficiency of the windbreak forests. In this study, a profiling set of Pitot Tube was used to measure the airflow field and wind velocity of simulated shrubs by wind tunnel simulation. The effects of form configurations and row spaces of simulated shrubs on windproof effectiveness were in-depth studied. We come to the following results: The weakening strength to wind velocities of hemisphere-shaped and broom-shaped shrubs at 26.25 cm was mainly concentrated below 2 cm near the root and 6-14 cm in the middle-upper part, while the spindle-shaped shrubs were at 0.2-14 cm above the canopy, which meant the windproof effect of spindle-shaped shrubs was was better than that of hemisphere-shaped and broom-shaped. With the improvement of row spaces, the weakening height to wind velocities of the hemisphere-shaped shrubs at 35 cm was only concentrated below 2 cm near the root exclude for the 6-14 cm at 26.25 cm, which presented the hemisphere-shaped shrubs were not suitable for the layout of wide row space. Further, the form configurations of simulated shrubs had a stronger influence on wind velocity than row spaces. Moreover, the designed windbreaks with &lt;em&gt;Nitraria tangutorum&lt;/em&gt;, which more effectively reduced the wind velocity among the windbreaks compared to behind the windbreaks. In the wind control system, the hemisphere-shaped windbreaks should be applied as near-surface barriers, and the windbreaks of broom-shaped and spindle-shaped can be used as shelterbelts above the near-surface. These analytical findings&amp;#160;offer theoretical guidelines on how to arrange the windbreak forests for preventing wind erosion in the most convenient and efficient ways.&lt;/p&gt;


2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Moon Kim ◽  
Ki-Pyo You ◽  
Jang-Youl You

Artificial structures such as embankments built during the construction of highways influence the surrounding airflow. Various types of damage can occur due to changes in the wind velocity and temperature around highway embankments. However, no study has accurately measured micrometeorological changes (wind velocity and temperature) due to embankments. This study conducted a wind tunnel test and field measurement to identify changes in wind velocity and temperature before and after the construction of embankments around roads. Changes in wind velocity around an embankment after its construction were found to be influenced by the surrounding wind velocity, wind angle, and the level difference and distance from the embankment. When the level difference from the embankment was large and the distance was up to 3H, the degree of wind velocity declines was found to be large. In changes in reference wind velocities around the embankment, wind velocity increases were not proportional to the rate at which wind velocities declined. The construction of the embankment influenced surrounding temperatures. The degree of temperature change was large in locations with large level differences from the embankment at daybreak and during evening hours when wind velocity changes were small.


Author(s):  
J.S. Bircham

THE EFFECTS of wind velocity on Trifolium repens L. cv. 'Grasslands Huia' white clover seedlings were examined in a wind tunnel. Three experiments were conducted, each at a different wind velocity, in which wind was applied to seedlings at three distinct stages of growth (cotyledons, unifoliate leaf and trifoliate Icaf) for three periods of time (two, four and six days). The wind velocities were 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 m/s. In all experiments total plant, shoot and root dry weights and shoot/root ratios were determined after 28 days.


Rangifer ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Cuyler ◽  
Nils A. Øritsland

Physical characteristics of Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) fur samples were examined with respect to season. A total of 33 dorsal fur sections including adults and calves were investigated. A direct relationship between hair density and heat transfer was not observed, and optimal hair density may depend on an interaction with other fur characteristics. Seasonal changes in fur length and depth were inversely proportional to, and appear to be the main determinants of, seasonal changes in calm air conductance. Fur length and depth, however did not explain the exceptional wind resistance of Svalbard reindeer fur. Since wind has little effect on heat transfer through Svalbard reindeer fur regardless of season or animal age, fur characteristics, which change are not likely critical. Instead, constant physical characteristics, which trap still-air within the fur and resist wind compaction and penetration, are probably responsible. These could include hair stiffness, the crimped wave, hollow hairs, intertwining distal tips and the fine wool fuzz about the hair roots. The extent and means are not well understood at present.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Bing Huo ◽  
Xuliang Li ◽  
Fujiang Cui ◽  
Shuo Yang

Galloping of an iced transmission line subjected to a moderating airflow has been analysed in this study, and a new form of galloping is discovered both theoretically and experimentally. The partial differential equations of the iced transmission line are established based on the Hamilton theory. The Galerkin method is then applied on the continuous model, and a discrete model is derived along with its first two in-plane and torsional modes. A trapezoidal wind field model is built through the superposition of simple harmonic waves. The vibrational amplitude is generally observed to be more violent when the wind velocity decreases, except in the 2nd in-plane mode. Furthermore, the influence of the declining wind velocity rates on galloping is analysed using different postdecline wind velocities and the duration of the decline in wind velocities. Subsequently, an experiment has been carried out on a continuous model of an iced conductor in the wind tunnel dedicated for galloping. The first two in-plane modal profiles are observed, along with their response to the moderating airflow. Different declining rates of the wind velocity are also verified in the wind tunnel, which show good agreement with the results simulated by the mathematical model. The sudden increase in the galloping amplitude poses a significant threat to the transmission system, which also improves the damage mechanism associated with the galloping of a slender, a long structure with a noncircular cross-section.


Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3955
Author(s):  
Yonghan Ahn ◽  
Hanbyeol Jang ◽  
Junghyon Mun

The purpose of this study is to compare the load calculation results by a model using the air changes per hour (ACH) method and a model using an airflow network (AFN) and to ascertain what causes the difference between the two models. In the basic case study, the difference in the heat transfer distribution of the model in the interior space was investigated. The most significant difference between the two models is the heat transfer that results from infiltration. Parameter analysis was performed to investigate the relationship between the difference and the environmental variables. The result shows that the greater the difference is between the air temperature inside the balcony and the outdoor air temperature, and the greater the air flows from the balcony to the residential area, and the greater the heating and cooling load difference occurs. The analysis using the actual weather files of five domestic cities in South Korea rather than a virtual case shows that the differences are not so obvious when the wind blows at a constant speed throughout the year, but are dominant when the wind does not blow during the night and is stronger alongside the occurrence of sunlight during the day.


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