scholarly journals Requirements for maintenance and live weight gain of moose and wapiti calves during winter

Rangifer ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Normand Cool ◽  
Robert J. Hudson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Cervus Elaphus ◽  
Alces Alces ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

Energy requirements of moose (Alces alces) and wapiti (Cervus elaphus) calves were compared from December to February to determine whether metabolic requirements were lower in a boreal-adapted than in a parkland-adapted wild cervid. Eight calves of each species were divided equally into groups given high or low quality diets. Regression of metabolizable energy intake on liveweight gain provided estimates for maintenance and gain, Metabolizable energy requirements for liveweight maintenance were 560 kj/kg0.75.d and for gain were 27 kj/g. Neither value was significantly different between moose and wapiti nor between genders within species. This similariry in winter metabolism and consistency with the interspecies mean suggests that winter metabolic dormancy is not necessarily an important part of a seasonal energetic strategy. The main difference was that moose calves maintained appetite and continued to grow throughout the winter.

scholarly journals Methane production and energy partition of cattle in the tropics

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kurihara ◽  
T. Magner ◽  
R. A. Hunter ◽  
G. J. McCrabb
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Partition ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Ad Libitum

The aim of this experiment was to determine CH4production and energy partition for a range of diets fed toBos indicuscattle. Six Brahman cattle were fed on three different diets in a replicated Latin square experiment over three periods. The diets were (1) long-chopped Angleton grass (Dicanthium aristatum) hayad libitum(DM digestibility (DMD) 41 (se 2)%; 4 g N/kg), (2) long-chopped Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hayad libitum(DMD 60 (se 1)%; 14 g N/kg) or (3) 2 kg long-chopped lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay/d plus a high-grain diet (ad libitum) (DMD 70 (se 1)%; 31 g N/kg). CH4production was measured using confinement-type respiration chambers. Metabolizable energy intake (MJ/d) of cattle fed on Angleton grass (18·4 (se 2·0)) was lower (P< 0·01) than that for Rhodes grass (54·9 (se 2·1)), which was lower (P< 0·01) than that for the high-grain diet (76·7 (se 5·8)). CH4production (g/d) for cattle fed on Rhodes grass (257 (se 14)) was higher (P< 0·01) than that for cattle fed on both the high-grain diet (160 (se 24)) and Angleton grass (113 (se 16)). CH4conversion rate (MJ CH4produced per 100 MJ gross energy intake) was not significantly different between cattle fed on Angleton (10·4 (se 1·1)) and Rhodes (11·4 (se 0·3)) grass, but was higher (P< 0·01) than for cattle fed on the high-grain diet (6·7 (se 0·7)). CH4production (g/kg live-weight gain) was associated (P< 0·001) with both live-weight gain and feed: gain ratio. We conclude that the relationships between CH4production, energy utilization and live-weight change of cattle fed on tropical forages differ from those of cattle fed on diets based on temperate forages.

The effect of genotype and metabolizable energy intake on protein and fat gain in veal calves

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Meulenbroeks ◽  
M. W. A. Verstegen ◽  
W. Van der Hel ◽  
S. Korver ◽  
G. Kleinhout
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Protein Composition ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Veal Calves ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Fattening Period ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

ABSTRACTAn experiment was carried out with 20 male veal calves to study differences in energy metabolism between pure Dutch Friesian and Holstein Friesian crossbred calves, containing a high proportion of Holstein Friesian genes (0·79). Two metabolizable energy (ME) intakes were given. The effects of genotype and ME intake on live-weight gain and its fat and protein composition were measured by indirect calorimetry and by the total collection of faeces and urine. Energy and nitrogen balances were measured for each calf during the last 5 weeks of the fattening period of 22 weeks.The difference in live-weight gain between the Holstein Friesian crossbreds and the Dutch Friesian calves was not significant but small differences in protein and fat composition of live-weight gain were found. Fat gain was closely related to ME intake (r = 0·95), but the correlation coefficient between ME intake and protein gain was only 0-36. Live-weight gain had a high correlation with protein gain (r = 0·70) but a lower correlation with fat gain (r = 0·29).Veal calves at the end of the fattening period had a declining protein gain as age increased. Calves given a high ME intake (> 2 × maintenance) may require diets containing less than 216 g crude protein per kg diet at the end of the fattening period.The study indicates that Holstein Friesian crossbred veal calves and Dutch Friesian veal calves have similar ME requirements.

Milk and herbage intake of suckled and artificially reared lambs at pasture as influenced by lactation pattern

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Doney ◽  
A. D. M. Smith ◽  
D. A. Sim ◽  
D. Zygoyannis
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Milk Intake ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Total Intake ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTEast Friesland × Blackface (EFX) ewes with sustained lactation (S) and pure Scottish Blackface (BF) ewes with normal lactation (N) were mated to Suffolk rams. Twenty pairs of twin lambs born to the EFX ewes were used in the experiment. One lamb of each pair was re-allocated as a single lamb to either an EFX or a BF ewe (ER) and the second lamb was artificially reared (AR). At pasture the AR lambs were fed four times daily at levels corresponding to the milk intake of the ER lambs, which was measured weekly. Herbage intake was measured only in wether lambs.The intake of milk and herbage between weeks 3 and 12 was lower in the AR groups than in the corresponding ER groups but the differences were not significant.Total metabolizable energy intake as milk in the ER-S group from weeks 3 to 12 was significantly higher than that in the ER-N group (668 v. 450 MJ). Corresponding intakes in the AR-S and AR-N groups were 613 and 416 MJ. Herbage intake over the same period was 187 and 238 MJ for ER-S and ER-N, and 137 and 219 MJ for AR-S and AR-N. Total intake from milk plus herbage was significantly higher in the S group (855 and 750 MJ, respectively, for ER and AR lambs) than in the N group (688 and 634 MJ).There were negative correlations of herbage intake with milk intake (–0·533) and with live-weight gain (–0·094), and positive relationships between live-weight gain and milk intake (r = +0·832), and between live-weight gain and total intake (r = +0·900). Differences in milk intake resulted in significant differences in live weight at 12 weeks (respectively, 34·6 and 29·7 kg for ER-S and ER-N; 32·3 and 29·1 kg for AR-S and AR-N).It is concluded that lambs reared artificially at pasture may be used to investigate the relationship between milk and herbage intake. It was suggested that if milk does not meet the requirements of voluntary intake or growth potential, herbage intake may be increased to fill the deficit but this does not compensate fully for a lower milk supply.

Rice bran as a supplement to elephant grass for cattle and buffalo in Indonesia: 2. Carcass development, energy accretion and its effect on feed efficiency: 2. Carcass development, energy accretion and its effect on feed efficiency

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (3) ◽  
pp. 717-722
Author(s):  
J. B. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Rice Bran ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Elephant Grass ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Gross Energy

SUMMARYIndonesian Ongole and swamp buffalo bulls that had previously been given 0, 1·2, 2·4, 3·6 or 4·8 kg/head/day rice bran plus ad libitum elephant grass were slaughtered after 161 days feeding. Abdominal depot fat, full and empty reticulo-rumen and cold carcass weights were recorded. Various carcass variables were measured and the 9–10–11 rib joints were dissected into bone, muscle and fat. Carcass gross energy was calculated from rib-fat content using previously determined regression equations. Feed efficiency was expressed in terms of the ratios of live-weight gain or carcass-energy accretion to metabolizable energy available for growth.Increasing supplementation with rice bran resulted in larger abdominal fat depots, higher dressing percentages, increased carcass fatness (and hence carcass gross energy) and improved rib muscle to bone ratios. Carcass conformation was unaffected by dietary treatment. When feed efficiency was expressed per unit live-weight gain, there was a decrease with increasing rice-bran feeding. Feed efficiency, expressed per unit of carcass energy accretion, improved with rice-bran supplementation and was generally higher in buffalo than in Ongole bulls. Dietary and species differences in feed efficiency could be primarily explained by the differential energy cost of deposition of, and the availability of energy from, carcass protein and lipid.

Effect of air temperature and energy intake on body mass, body composition and energy requirements in sheep

2002 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. ALLAN DEGEN ◽  
B. A. YOUNG
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Total Body

Body mass was measured and body composition and energy requirements were estimated in sheep at four air temperatures (0 °C to 30 °C) and at four levels of energy offered (4715 to 11785 kJ/day) at a time when the sheep reached a constant body mass. Final body mass was affected mainly by metabolizable energy intake and, to a lesser extent, by air temperature, whereas maintenance requirements were affected mainly by air temperature. Mean energy requirements were similar and lowest at 20 °C and 30 °C (407·5 and 410·5 kJ/kg0·75, respectively) and increased with a decrease in air temperature (528·8 kJ/kg0·75 at 10 °C and 713·3 kJ/kg0·75 at 0 °C). Absolute total body water volume was related positively to metabolizable energy intake and to air temperature. Absolute fat, protein and ash contents were all affected positively by metabolizable energy intake and tended to be related positively to air temperature. In proportion to body mass, total body water volume decreased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and with an increase in air temperature. Proportionate fat content increased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and tended to increase with an increase in air temperature. In contrast, proportionate protein content decreased with an increase in metabolizable energy intake and tended to decrease with an increase in air temperature. In all cases, the multiple linear regression using both air temperature and metabolizable energy intake improved the fit over the simple linear regressions of either air temperature or metabolizable energy intake and lowered the standard error of the estimate. The fit was further improved and the standard error of the estimate was further lowered using a polynomial model with both independent variables to fit the data, since there was little change in the measurements between 20 °C and 30 °C, as both air temperatures were most likely within the thermal neutral zone of the sheep. It was concluded that total body energy content, total body water volume, fat and protein content of sheep of the same body mass differed or tended to differ when kept at different air temperatures.

Effects of supplementing maize and grass silages with barley, and maize silage with urea or ammonia, on the intake and performance of fattening bulls

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Aston ◽  
J. C. Tayler
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Carcass Quality ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACT1. Experiment 1. Six treatment groups of one British Friesian and four South Devon × British Friesian bulls, initially 432 kg mean live weight and aged 491 days, were offered individually maize or grass silage ad libitum plus 0, 5 or 10g barley dry matter per kg live weight daily for 80 days. The silages had similar digestible dry matter and estimated metabolizable energy contents but the grass silage contained more ammonia and acetic, propionic and butyric acids. Mean values for groups receiving respectively maize and grass silage diets were for dry-matter intake 17·7, 20·3, 20·4 and 13·0, 16·6, 18·7 g/kg live weight and for live-weight gain 1·00, 1·32, 1·46 and 0·65, 0·98, 1·22kg/day. Significantly more maize than grass silage dry matter was eaten when the silages were given alone and dry-matter intakes, live-weight and carcass gains were greater for maize silage diets. Dry-matter intake, live-weight and carcass gains, efficiency of feed use and carcass quality significantly improved when barley was given.2. Experiment 2. Six groups of five British Friesian bulls, initially 418 kg mean live weight and aged 474 days, were offered individually maize silage ad libitum with either urea or one of two quantities of aqueous ammonia mixed in at the time of feeding, plus 0 or 5 g barley dry matter per kg live weight daily for 90 days. The urea and ammonia-treated silages contained 125, 124 and 148 g crude protein per kg dry matter respectively, with pH values of 3·8, 3·9 and 4·3, and when given alone or with barley mean daily intakes (g dry matter per kg live weight) were 17·1, 18·6 for urea-treated silage diets, and 17·8, 18·8 and 16·9, 19·1 respectively for ammoniatreated silage diets. Live-weight gains were 0·69, 0·94, 0·63, 1·09, 0·64 and 1·07 kg/day. Ammonia treatment had no effect on intake or live-weight gain. Live-weight and carcass gains and carcass quality improved when barley was given.3. The maize silage offered in Experiment 1 contained similar metabolizable energy but more starch than that in Experiment 2 and was used more efficiently for live-weight gain.

Energy intake and patterns of growth for male and female fallow deer of two genotypes, between 10 and 21 months of age

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 335-342
Author(s):  
R.C. Mulley ◽  
G.W. Asher ◽  
J.S. Flesh ◽  
K.T. O’Neill ◽  
J. Ferguson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fallow Deer ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dama Dama ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Feeding Systems

AbstractEuropean (no. = 36) and hybrid (¼ Mesopotamian, ¾ European; no. = 36) fallow deer (Dama dama) were evaluated for weight gain and energy intake from 10 to 21 months of age. Twelve each of bucks, does and castrated males (haviers) were tested for each genotype, in both concentrate-fed and pasture-based feeding systems. Based on weekly weighing hybrids (H) in each of the sex classes grew more rapidly (5 g/day across all groups) than the European (E) fallow deer (P < 0·05). Haviers given concentrates grew significantly faster than pasture-fed haviers (P < 0·01), whilst does grown on pasture grew significantly faster than those given concentrates (P < 0·01). There was no significant difference in pattern of growth between bucks on pasture and those given concentrates (P > 0·05). Does grew significantly less (P < 0·01) than bucks and haviers in spring, summer and winter but environmental differences between years could not be accounted for in the analysis.Animals of all sexes and genotypes experienced rapid growth from 10 to 12 months of age (spring) and this was associated with energy intakes according to metabolic body weight (M0·75) these ranging between 0·8 and 1·1 MJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg M0·75 per day. There were significantly (P < 0·01) higher levels of energy consumed by H does and haviers in the summer, compared with their E counterparts but this was not associated with greater growth rates. However, H does had significantly higher (P < 0·01) dressing proportions at slaughter than E does. The energy intake on a metabolic body weight basis for most groups declined to between 0·7 and 0·8 MJ ME per kg M0·75 per day from 12 to 21 months of age, except for the does, which declined even further to between 0·5 and 0·6 MJ ME per kg M0·75 per day from 17 months of age.There were no significant differences between E and H deer for energy intakes per M0·75, and H deer were slightly more energy efficient than their E counterparts in terms of growth rate in relation to annual gross energy intake. The food intake : weight gain ratio increased considerably for both genotypes after 14 months of age, indicating the desirability for slaughtering as soon as animals reach the target live weight. It was concluded that the crossbreeding system described is production efficient and produced offspring that reached slaughter weight sooner than E fallow deer and thereby produced carcasses with a greater wholesale value than their E counterparts of the same age.

The Effects upon the intake and performance of store lambs of supplementing grass silage with barley, fish meal and rapeseed meal

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Yilala ◽  
M. J. Bryant
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
N Retention ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Daily Intakes

ABSTRACTTwo experiments are described in which individually-penned Suffolk × (Blue-faced Leicester × Swaledale) lambs were given complete diets based on grass silage, and voluntary intake, live-weight gain and nitrogen (N) retention were measured.Experiment 1 investigated the effects of supplements of fish meal (0, 60 and 120 g/kg diet dry matter (DM)) and barley (0, 150 and 300 g/kg diet DM) in a 3 × 3 design using 72 lambs. The lambs averaged 35 kg live weight at the start of the 47-day experiment. Fish-meal supplements increased daily intakes of diet DM, silage DM and metabolizable energy (ME), and improved daily gains, carcass weights and N retention. Barley supplements increased daily intakes of diet DM and ME, but reduced silage DM intake; live-weight gain, carcass weight and N retention were all improved.Experiment 2 investigated the effects of supplements of rapeseed meal (0 and 120 g/kg diet DM) in two forms (untreated and formaldehyde-treated) and barley (0 and 150 g/kg diet DM) in a 2 × 2 × 2 design with two missing treatments and using 48 lambs. The lambs averaged 39 kg live weight at the start of the 42-day experiment. Rapeseed meal supplements increased daily intakes of diet DM, silage DM and ME, and improved daily gains, carcass weights and N retention. Form of rapeseed meal had no effect. Barley increased diet DM and ME intakes and improved daily gains and carcass weights.

Beef production from formic acid-treated and wilted silages

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Hinks ◽  
I. E. Edwards ◽  
A. R. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Formic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Live Weight Gain

SUMMARY1. Herbage was ensiled, fresh at 17% DM or wilted to 32% DM, with and without the addition of formic acid (19·2 kg/tonne DM). The silages were fed individually ad libitum to 36 fifteen-month-old British Friesian steers of about 280 kg initial live weight (nine animals per treatment).2. Wilting and the application of formic acid both inhibited fermentation, resulting in silages with higher levels of water-soluble carbohydrates, lower concentrations of volatile nitrogen and lower organic acid contents.3. There were no significant dry matter × formic acid interactions in dry-matter intake or daily live-weight gain.4. Treatment with formic acid did not enhance significantly either dry-matter intake or daily live-weight gain. Furthermore, it had little effect on digestibility, nitrogen retention or metabolizable energy (ME) concentration.5. Wilting before ensiling increased dry-matter intake from 5·0 to 8·3 kg/head per day with consequent marked increases in ME intake, nitrogen retention and live-weight gain. Wilting, however, had little effect on digestibility, ME concentration, or the efficiency with which dietary nitrogen intake was retained.

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