scholarly journals Short-term plasticity at cerebellar granule cell to molecular layer interneuron synapses expands information processing

eLife ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Dorgans ◽  
Valérie Demais ◽  
Yannick Bailly ◽  
Bernard Poulain ◽  
Philippe Isope ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Granule Cell ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Plasticity ◽  
Synapsin Ii ◽  
Heterogeneous Expression ◽  
Molecular Layer Interneuron ◽  
The Brain

Information processing by cerebellar molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) plays a crucial role in motor behavior. MLI recruitment is tightly controlled by the profile of short-term plasticity (STP) at granule cell (GC)-MLI synapses. While GCs are the most numerous neurons in the brain, STP diversity at GC-MLI synapses is poorly documented. Here, we studied how single MLIs are recruited by their distinct GC inputs during burst firing. Using slice recordings at individual GC-MLI synapses of mice, we revealed four classes of connections segregated by their STP profile. Each class differentially drives MLI recruitment. We show that GC synaptic diversity is underlain by heterogeneous expression of synapsin II, a key actor of STP and that GC terminals devoid of synapsin II are associated with slow MLI recruitment. Our study reveals that molecular, structural and functional diversity across GC terminals provides a mechanism to expand the coding range of MLIs.

scholarly journals Molecular and functional heterogeneity of cerebellar granule cell terminals expands temporal coding in molecular layer interneurons

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Dorgans ◽  
Valérie Demais ◽  
Yannick Bailly ◽  
Bernard Poulain ◽  
Philippe Isope ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Granule Cells ◽  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Temporal Coding ◽  
Knock Out ◽  
Synapsin Ii ◽  
Heterogeneous Expression ◽  
Knock Out Mice ◽  
Number Of Classes

AbstractIn the cerebellum, molecular layer interneurons (MLIs) play an essential role in motor behavior by exerting precise temporal control of Purkinje cells, the sole output of the cerebellar cortex. The recruitment of MLIs is tightly controlled by the release of glutamate from granule cells (GCs) during high-frequency activities. Here we study how single MLIs are recruited by their distinct unitary GC inputs during burst of GC stimulations. Stimulation of individual GC-MLI synapses revealed four classes of connections segregated by their profile of short-term plasticity. Each class of connection differentially drives MLI recruitment. Molecular and ultrastructural analyses revealed that GC-MLI synaptic diversity is underlain by heterogeneous expression of synapsin II at individual GC terminals. In synapsin II knock-out mice, the number of classes is reduced to profiles associated with slow MLI recruitment. Our study reveals that molecular diversity across GC terminals enables diversity in temporal coding by MLIs and thereby influences the processing of sensory information by cerebellar networks.

scholarly journals Short-Term Plasticity in Cortical GABAergic Synapses on Olfactory Bulb Granule Cells Is Modulated by Endocannabinoids

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fu-Wen Zhou ◽  
Adam C. Puche
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Granule Cell ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Cb1 Receptor ◽  
Granule Cell Layer ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Short Term Plasticity ◽  
Cortical Feedback

Olfactory bulb and higher processing areas are synaptically interconnected, providing rapid regulation of olfactory bulb circuit dynamics and sensory processing. Short-term plasticity changes at any of these synapses could modulate sensory processing and potentially short-term sensory memory. A key olfactory bulb circuit for mediating cortical feedback modulation is granule cells, which are targeted by multiple cortical regions including both glutamatergic excitatory inputs and GABAergic inhibitory inputs. There is robust endocannabinoid modulation of excitatory inputs to granule cells and here we explored whether there was also endocannabinoid modulation of the inhibitory cortical inputs to granule cells. We expressed light-gated cation channel channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in GABAergic neurons in the horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (HDB) and their projections to granule cells in olfactory bulb. Selective optical activation of ChR2 positive axons/terminals generated strong, frequency-dependent short-term depression of GABAA-mediated-IPSC in granule cells. As cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptor is heavily expressed in olfactory bulb granule cell layer (GCL) and there is endogenous endocannabinoid release in GCL, we investigated whether activation of CB1 receptor modulated the HDB IPSC and short-term depression at the HDB→granule cell synapse. Activation of the CB1 receptor by the exogenous agonist Win 55,212-2 significantly decreased the peak amplitude of individual IPSC and decreased short-term depression, while blockade of the CB1 receptor by AM 251 slightly increased individual IPSCs and increased short-term depression. Thus, we conclude that there is tonic endocannabinoid activation of the GABAergic projections of the HDB to granule cells, similar to the modulation observed with glutamatergic projections to granule cells. Modulation of inhibitory synaptic currents and frequency-dependent short-term depression could regulate the precise balance of cortical feedback excitation and inhibition of granule cells leading to changes in granule cell mediated inhibition of olfactory bulb output to higher processing areas.

Music Changes the Brain

2018 ◽  
pp. 98-111
Author(s):  
Paul Lennard
Keyword(s):  
Brain Development ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Cerebral Hemisphere ◽  
Critical Periods ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Music Training ◽  
Short Term Plasticity ◽  
Process Music ◽  
The Brain

This chapter examines ways in which listening to or making music changes our brains morphologically and functionally. Evidence for short-term plasticity in response to music is reviewed. Critical periods early in life, when exposure to music and music training can alter brain development, are summarized. Evidence that the brains of musicians and nonmusicians differ is presented. It is shown that nonmusicians process music primarily in the nondominant cerebral hemisphere, while musicians have structural and functional shifts of lateralization to the dominant cerebral hemisphere. This shift is discussed in terms of a theory that nonmusicians process music holistically in the nondominant cerebral hemisphere, while trained musicians tend to apply syntax to music, using language-processing circuitry in the dominant cerebral hemisphere.

Analysis of short-term plasticity at the perforant path-granule cell synapse

1979 ◽  
Vol 178 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.F. White ◽  
J.V. Nadler ◽  
C.W. Cotman
Keyword(s):  
Granule Cell ◽  
Perforant Path ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Plasticity ◽  
Cell Synapse
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