scholarly journals Integration of Tmc1/2 into the mechanotransduction complex in zebrafish hair cells is regulated by Transmembrane O-methyltransferase (Tomt)

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Erickson ◽  
Clive P Morgan ◽  
Jennifer Olt ◽  
Katherine Hardy ◽  
Elisabeth Busch-Nentwich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Hair Bundle ◽  
Zebrafish Model ◽  
Complex Assembly ◽  
Hek 293 ◽  
Hek 293 Cells ◽  
293 Cells

Transmembrane O-methyltransferase (TOMT/LRTOMT) is responsible for non-syndromic deafness DFNB63. However, the specific defects that lead to hearing loss have not been described. Using a zebrafish model of DFNB63, we show that the auditory and vestibular phenotypes are due to a lack of mechanotransduction (MET) in Tomt-deficient hair cells. GFP-tagged Tomt is enriched in the Golgi of hair cells, suggesting that Tomt might regulate the trafficking of other MET components to the hair bundle. We found that Tmc1/2 proteins are specifically excluded from the hair bundle in tomt mutants, whereas other MET complex proteins can still localize to the bundle. Furthermore, mouse TOMT and TMC1 can directly interact in HEK 293 cells, and this interaction is modulated by His183 in TOMT. Thus, we propose a model of MET complex assembly where Tomt and the Tmcs interact within the secretory pathway to traffic Tmc proteins to the hair bundle.

scholarly journals A replacement of the active-site aspartic acid residue 293 in mouse cathepsin D affects its intracellular stability, processing and transport in HEK-293 cells

2003 ◽  
Vol 369 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanna PARTANEN ◽  
Stephan STORCH ◽  
Hans-Gerhard LÖFFLER ◽  
Andrej HASILIK ◽  
Jaana TYYNELÄ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Cathepsin D ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis ◽  
Aspartic Acid Residue ◽  
Hek 293 ◽  
Hek 293 Cells ◽  
Lysosomal Protease ◽  
293 Cells

The substitution of an active-site aspartic acid residue by asparagine in the lysosomal protease cathepsin D (CTSD) results in a loss of enzyme activity and severe cerebrocortical atrophy in a novel form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis in sheep [Tyynelä, Sohar, Sleat, Gin, Donnelly, Baumann, Haltia and Lobel (2000) EMBO J. 19, 2786—2792]. In the present study we have introduced the corresponding mutation by replacing aspartic acid residue 293 with asparagine (D293N) into the mouse CTSD cDNA to analyse its effect on synthesis, transport and stability in transfected HEK-293 cells. The complete inactivation of mutant D293N mouse CTSD was confirmed by a newly developed fluorimetric quantification system. Moreover, in the heterologous overexpression systems used, mutant D293N mouse CTSD was apparently unstable and proteolytically modified during early steps of the secretory pathway, resulting in a loss of mass by about 1kDa. In the affected sheep, the endogenous mutant enzyme was stable but also showed the shift in its molecular mass. In HEK-293 cells, the transport of the mutant D293N mouse CTSD to the lysosome was delayed and associated with a low secretion rate compared with wild-type CTSD. These data suggest that the mutation may result in a conformational change which affects stability, processing and transport of the enzyme.

pH of TGN and recycling endosomes of H+/K+-ATPase-transfected HEK-293 cells: implications for pH regulation in the secretory pathway

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (1) ◽  
pp. C205-C214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terry E. Machen ◽  
Mary Jae Leigh ◽  
Carmen Taylor ◽  
Tohru Kimura ◽  
Shinji Asano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Ph Regulation ◽  
Buffer System ◽  
Β Cells ◽  
Hek 293 ◽  
Recycling Endosomes ◽  
Hek 293 Cells ◽  
293 Cells ◽  
Golgi Network

The influences of the gastric H+/K+ pump on organelle pH during trafficking to and from the plasma membrane were investigated using HEK-293 cells stably expressing the α- and β-subunits of human H+/K+-ATPase (H+/K+-α,β cells). The pH values of trans-Golgi network (pHTGN) and recycling endosomes (pHRE) were measured by transfecting H+/K+-α,β cells with the pH-sensitive GFP pHluorin fused to targeting sequences of either TGN38 or synaptobrevin, respectively. Immunofluorescence showed that H+/K+-ATPase was present in the plasma membrane, TGN, and RE. The pHTGN was similar in both H+/K+-α,β cells (pHTGN 6.36) and vector-transfected (“mock”) cells (pHTGN 6.34); pHRE was also similar in H+/K+-α,β (pHRE 6.40) and mock cells (pHRE 6.37). SCH28080 (inhibits H+/K+-ATPase) caused TGN to alkalinize by 0.12 pH units; subsequent addition of bafilomycin (inhibits H+ v-ATPase) caused TGN to alkalinize from pH 6.4 up to a new steady-state pHTGN of 7.0–7.5, close to pHcytosol. Similar results were observed in RE. Thus H+/K+-ATPases that trafficked to the plasma membrane were active but had small effects to acidify the TGN and RE compared with H+ v-ATPase. Mathematical modeling predicted a large number of H+ v-ATPases (8,000) active in the TGN to balance a large, passive H+ leak (with PH ∼10–3 cm/s) via unidentified pathways out of the TGN. We propose that in the presence of this effective, though inefficient, buffer system in the Golgi and TGN, H+/K+-ATPases (estimated to be ∼4,000 active in the TGN) and other transporters have little effect on luminal pH as they traffic to the plasma membrane.

scholarly journals Down-regulation of alphav/beta3 integrin via misrouting to lysosomes by overexpression of a beta3Lamp1 fusion protein

2003 ◽  
Vol 370 (2) ◽  
pp. 703-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magali CONESA ◽  
Annik PRAT ◽  
John S. MORT ◽  
Jacques MARVALDI ◽  
Jean-Claude LISSITZKY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Degradation Pathway ◽  
Dominant Negative ◽  
General Strategy ◽  
Hek 293 ◽  
Hek 293 Cells ◽  
293 Cells ◽  
Cellular Aggregation ◽  
Beta3 Integrin

We present a general strategy for the dominant negative reduction in the levels of type-1 membrane-bound heterodimeric proteins within the secretory pathway through fusion of the soluble ectodomain of one of the partners to the transmembrane-cytosolic tail of the lysosomal protein Lamp1. Thus, in human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells, overexpression of an integrin β3Lamp1 chimera resulted in a drastic reduction of its endogenous partner, the integrin αv subunit. The mechanism involves the formation in the endoplasmic reticulum of a αv/β3Lamp1 complex that is subsequently sorted towards a lysosomal/endosomal degradation pathway. The specificity of this approach is afforded by the invariance in the levels of the endogenous integrins α5 and β1 as compared with control cells. Conversely overexpression of integrin β3 in HEK-293 cells led to an increased level of αvβ3 at the cell surface. Functionally β3Lamp1 and β3 overexpressors exhibit decreased and increased adhesion to vitronectin, respectively, as well as diminished cellular aggregation. The application of this technology should enable the analysis of the functional importance of homodimers or heterodimers in the cell types of choice and the identification of novel partner proteins by proteomic approaches.

scholarly journals Inner Ear and Muscle Developmental Defects in Smpx-Deficient Zebrafish Embryos

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 6497
Author(s):  
Anna Ghilardi ◽  
Alberto Diana ◽  
Renato Bacchetta ◽  
Nadia Santo ◽  
Miriam Ascagni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Zebrafish Model ◽  
Developmental Defects ◽  
Inner Ear Development ◽  
Syndromic Hearing Loss

The last decade has witnessed the identification of several families affected by hereditary non-syndromic hearing loss (NSHL) caused by mutations in the SMPX gene and the loss of function has been suggested as the underlying mechanism. In the attempt to confirm this hypothesis we generated an Smpx-deficient zebrafish model, pointing out its crucial role in proper inner ear development. Indeed, a marked decrease in the number of kinocilia together with structural alterations of the stereocilia and the kinocilium itself in the hair cells of the inner ear were observed. We also report the impairment of the mechanotransduction by the hair cells, making SMPX a potential key player in the construction of the machinery necessary for sound detection. This wealth of evidence provides the first possible explanation for hearing loss in SMPX-mutated patients. Additionally, we observed a clear muscular phenotype consisting of the defective organization and functioning of muscle fibers, strongly suggesting a potential role for the protein in the development of muscle fibers. This piece of evidence highlights the need for more in-depth analyses in search for possible correlations between SMPX mutations and muscular disorders in humans, thus potentially turning this non-syndromic hearing loss-associated gene into the genetic cause of dysfunctions characterized by more than one symptom, making SMPX a novel syndromic gene.

scholarly journals Characteristics and requirements of basal autophagy in HEK 293 cells

Autophagy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1407-1417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patience Musiwaro ◽  
Matthew Smith ◽  
Maria Manifava ◽  
Simon A. Walker ◽  
Nicholas T. Ktistakis
Keyword(s):  
Hek 293 ◽  
Hek 293 Cells ◽  
293 Cells

Halothane Inhibition of Recombinant Cardiac L-type Ca2+ Channels Expressed in HEK-293 Cells

2005 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 1156-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin J. Gingrich ◽  
Son Tran ◽  
Igor M. Nikonorov ◽  
Thomas J. Blanck
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Calcium Channels ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Current Time ◽  
Hek 293 ◽  
Hek 293 Cells ◽  
293 Cells ◽  
Dependent Inactivation ◽  
Voltage Dependent

Background Volatile anesthetics depress cardiac contractility, which involves inhibition of cardiac L-type calcium channels. To explore the role of voltage-dependent inactivation, the authors analyzed halothane effects on recombinant cardiac L-type calcium channels (alpha1Cbeta2a and alpha1Cbeta2aalpha2/delta1), which differ by the alpha2/delta1 subunit and consequently voltage-dependent inactivation. Methods HEK-293 cells were transiently cotransfected with complementary DNAs encoding alpha1C tagged with green fluorescent protein and beta2a, with and without alpha2/delta1. Halothane effects on macroscopic barium currents were recorded using patch clamp methodology from cells expressing alpha1Cbeta2a and alpha1Cbeta2aalpha2/delta1 as identified by fluorescence microscopy. Results Halothane inhibited peak current (I(peak)) and enhanced apparent inactivation (reported by end pulse current amplitude of 300-ms depolarizations [I300]) in a concentration-dependent manner in both channel types. alpha2/delta1 coexpression shifted relations leftward as reported by the 50% inhibitory concentration of I(peak) and I300/I(peak)for alpha1Cbeta2a (1.8 and 14.5 mm, respectively) and alpha1Cbeta2aalpha2/delta1 (0.74 and 1.36 mm, respectively). Halothane reduced transmembrane charge transfer primarily through I(peak) depression and not by enhancement of macroscopic inactivation for both channels. Conclusions The results indicate that phenotypic features arising from alpha2/delta1 coexpression play a key role in halothane inhibition of cardiac L-type calcium channels. These features included marked effects on I(peak) inhibition, which is the principal determinant of charge transfer reductions. I(peak) depression arises primarily from transitions to nonactivatable states at resting membrane potentials. The findings point to the importance of halothane interactions with states present at resting membrane potential and discount the role of inactivation apparent in current time courses in determining transmembrane charge transfer.

Micropatterned surfaces of PDMS as growth templates for HEK 293 cells

2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Johann ◽  
Ch. Baiotto ◽  
Ph. Renaud
Keyword(s):  
Hek 293 ◽  
Hek 293 Cells ◽  
293 Cells

Calcium Induces Expression of Cytoplasmic Gelsolin in SH-SY5Y and HEK-293 Cells

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (7) ◽  
pp. 1075-1082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lina Ji ◽  
Abha Chauhan ◽  
Ved Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Hek 293 ◽  
Hek 293 Cells ◽  
293 Cells ◽  
Cytoplasmic Gelsolin

Characteristics of rat downregulated in adenoma (rDRA) expressed in HEK 293 cells

2007 ◽  
Vol 454 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Barmeyer ◽  
Jeff Huaqing Ye ◽  
Shafik Sidani ◽  
John Geibel ◽  
Henry J. Binder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hek 293 ◽  
Hek 293 Cells ◽  
293 Cells
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