Effect of Obesity Level on the Longitudinal Arch in 7- to 12-Year-Old Rural and Urban Children

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 484-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Woźniacka ◽  
Aneta Bac ◽  
Stanisław Matusik
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Urban Children ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Free Body ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All

Background We sought to evaluate the influence of obesity level on the medial longitudinal arch (MLA) of the foot in 7- to 12-year-old children. Methods The study group consisted of 925 children (450 girls and 475 boys). All of the children were subjected to podoscopic foot examination and measurement of weight, height, three skinfolds, fat weight, and fat-free body weight. Results The most common type of MLA was high-arched foot, which was observed in the left foot of 523 children (56.5%) and in the right foot in 592 children (64%). In almost all of the age groups, high-arched foot was the most common disorder. High-arched foot was more common in girls than in boys, and boys displayed a higher percentage of flatfoot. Also, sex-related differences were more prominent in urban children. There was a strongly positive correlation between obesity level and MLA in the examined group. Conclusions These results suggest that the type of foot arch is influenced by parameters such as age, sex, and obesity level. High-arched foot seemed to be the most frequent pathologic abnormality in the examined group, and flatfoot, which was predominant in boys and obese children, diminished with age. High-arched foot was a more common MLA type than flatfoot regardless of obesity level assessed on the basis of body mass index and sum of three skinfolds.

scholarly journals MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF PLANTAR ARCH INDEX AND THE PREVALENCE OF FLATFOOT AMONG TRIBES

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4.1) ◽  
pp. 7782-7787
Author(s):  
Adjei-Antwi Collins ◽  
◽  
Chrissie Stansie Abaidoo ◽  
Nketsiah James ◽  
Joshua Tetteh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Morphometric Study ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Foot Deformity ◽  
Pes Planus ◽  
Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Ethical Approval ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Arch Index

Flatfoot (pes planus), commonest foot deformity caused by the absence or collapse of the medial longitudinal arch. Flatfoot results in serious health problems and postural defects. It is highly variable in different populations with many factors associated. This study was conducted to find the plantar arch index and the prevalence of flatfoot and its relationship with tribes in Ghana. A total of 278 participants (172 males and 106 females) with ages ranging from 16 to 34 years were recruited for the study. Ethical approval and participants’ informed consent were sought prior to the study. Participants were drawn from the Akan, Ewe, Ga-Dangbe and other tribes (Dagomba, Dagabaa, Frafra, Gonja, Wale Wale etc). Foot imprints were taken from each participant using the ink method. The plantar arch index was calculated using the ratio of the width of the central and the heel region of the footprint. The mean right plantar arch index was higher than the left. The prevalence of flatfoot was 15.1% (6.1% unilateral left, 5.8% unilateral right and 3.2% bilateral). The prevalence rate was 15.7% in males and 14.1% in females. The prevalence rates reported for the Ga-Dangbes and Ewes were 30.8% and 23.6% respectively. On the other hand, both Akans and individuals belonging to the other tribes recorded the same prevalence rate of 13.7%. Flatfoot was found to be high among the Ga-Dangbes. Ethnicity as an external factor has a great role in influencing foot arch structure. Also, sex has an influence on the morphology of an individual’s foot. KEY WORDS: Flatfoot, Pes planus, Foot deformity, Medial Longitudinal Arch.

scholarly journals Validity of Two-Dimensional Static Footprint in Medial Longitudinal Arch Evaluation and the Characteristics of Athletes’ Footprints

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingli Zhang ◽  
Dali Yu ◽  
Le Lei ◽  
Yuanwu Gao ◽  
Junjie Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Inclination Angle ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
First Metatarsal ◽  
Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Metatarsal Angle ◽  
The Right ◽  
High Level

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to explore the validity of two-dimensional static footprint analysis in medial longitudinal arch evaluation as well as the characteristics of athletes’ footprints to provide a basis for the evaluation and selection of athletes.MethodsExperiment One: Twenty-nine high level athletes (runners and jumpers) and forty normal college students were selected. Based on the X-ray photos taken of the medial foot, we measured the calcaneal inclination angle, the calcaneal–first metatarsal angle and the ratio of height to length of the medial longitudinal arch. We collected indicators of two-dimensional static footprints. Experiment Two: 106 high level athletes (runners and jumpers) and 104 normal college students were selected. We also collected indicators of two-dimensional static footprints.ResultsThe average measuring the Interclass Correlation Efficient (ICC) of calcaneal inclination angle, calcaneal–first metatarsal angle, the ratio of height to length of the medial longitudinal arch, the width of ball, arch and heel, the length of footprint and each toe, Chippaux-Smirak Index (CSI) and Staheli Index (SAI) were higher than 0.800. Regardless of athletes or college students, male or female, the correlation between CSI, SAI and calcaneal inclination angle, calcaneal–first metatarsal angle, the ratio of height to length of the medial longitudinal arch was statistically significant (P<0.05). College students’ CSI of the right foot is significantly higher than that of the left foot regardless of gender (P<0.05).ConclusionsWe prove the qualification of CSI and SAI in medial longitudinal arch evaluation and explain that the relative height of medial longitudinal arch is an important indicator in track and field.

Does the Application of a Semiocclusive Dressing Alter the Microflora of Healthy Intact Skin on the Foot?

2021 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Forss ◽  
Zoe Hugman ◽  
Kelly Ridlington ◽  
Marissa Radley ◽  
Emma Henry-Toledo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healing Process ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Intact Skin ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Human Participants ◽  
The Right ◽  
Semiocclusive Dressing

Background The skin on human feet presents unique environments for the proliferation of potentially pathogenic commensals. This study examined microflora changes on healthy intact skin under a semiocclusive dressing on the medial longitudinal arch of the foot to determine changes in growth, distribution, and frequency of microflora under the dressing. Methods Nine human participants wore a low-adherent, absorbent, semiocclusive dressing on the medial longitudinal arch of the left foot for 2 weeks. An identical location on the right foot was swabbed and used as a control. Each foot was swabbed at baseline, week 1, and week 2. The swabs were cultured for 48 hours. Visual identification, Gram staining, DNase test agar, and a latex slide agglutination test were used to identify genera and species. Results Microflora growth was categorized as scant (0–10 colony-forming units [CFU]), light (11–50 CFU), moderate (51–100 CFU), or heavy (&gt;100 CFU). Scant and light growth decreased and moderate and heavy growth increased under the dressing compared with the control. Seven different genera of bacteria were identified. Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp appeared most frequently, followed by Corynebacterium spp. Conclusions Changes in microflora distribution, frequency, and growth were found under the dressing, supporting historical studies. Microflora changes were identified as an increase in bioburden and reduction in diversity. The application of similar methods, using more sophisticated identification and analysis techniques and a variety of dressings, could lead to a better understanding of bacterial and fungal growth under dressings, informing better dressing selection to assist the healing process of wounds and prevent infection.

scholarly journals Anomalous plantar intrinsic foot muscle attaching to the medial longitudinal arch: possible mechanism for medial nerve entrapment: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Claire Aland ◽  
Alana C. Sharp
Keyword(s):  
White Male ◽  
Nerve Entrapment ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Spring Ligament ◽  
Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Plantar Aspect ◽  
Tendon Insertion ◽  
The Right ◽  
Intrinsic Foot Muscle ◽  
Medial Nerve

Abstract Background Muscular variations are potentially symptomatic and may complicate imaging interpretation. Intrinsic foot musculature and extrinsic tendon insertion variations are common. Distinct supernumerary muscles are rare. We report a novel anomalous intrinsic foot muscle on the medial longitudinal arch. Case presentation An accessory muscle was encountered on the medial arch of the right foot of a 78-year-old white male cadaver, between layers two and three of the foot intrinsics. It did not appear to be a slip or variant of a known foot muscle. This muscle consisted of two slips that ran transversely on the plantar aspect of the medial arch, crossing the medial transverse tarsal joint and attaching to the tuberosity of the navicular, the short and long plantar ligaments, and spring ligament. Conclusions The medial plantar vessels and nerve passed from deep to superficial between the two slips, and this suggests a possible location for medial nerve entrapment.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of radiological and laboratory values in patients with community-acquired pneumonia during COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
V.I. Trykhlib ◽  
K.P. Bieliaieva ◽  
N.R. Tsyurak ◽  
L.O. Palatna
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Left Lung ◽  
Lower Lobe ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Severe Form ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Lower Lung ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Frequent Localization

Literature and personal data on community-acquired pneumonia during the epidemic of a new coronavirus infection COVID-19 are presented. It was found that men and patients with moderately to severe form were treated for community-acquired pneumonia more often. The most common localizations were as follows (in descending frequency): bilateral multisegmental, right-sided lower lobe, left-sided lower lobe. Men as compared to women more often had the following localization of pneumonia: right-sided lower lobe pneumonia at the age of 20–30, 51–60; right-sided multisegmental in all age groups; left-sided lower lobe pneumonia at the age of 51–60, left-sided upper lobe pneumonia at the age of 20–50; left-sided multisegmental pneumonia in all age groups; slightly more frequent bilateral lower lobe pneumonia in different age groups; bilateral multisegmental pneumonia at the age of 20–30 and over 60. Conversely, the most common localization in women was as follows: right-sided lower lobe pneumonia at the age 31–50, right-sided upper lobe pneumonia at the age 20–30, left-sided lower lobe pneumonia at the age 20–50 and over 60, left-sided upper lobe pneumonia at the age over 60, bilateral lower lobe pneumonia at the age 31–40, bilateral multisegmental pneumonia at the age 41–60. Right-sided lower lobe pneumonia was equally often registered irrespective of gender in persons older than 60 years old. Right-sided upper lobe pneumonia was not registered in patients aged 31–40 and 41–50 years, and over 60 years old. The most frequent localization of pneumonia in mild form was left-sided lower lobe (35.3 %), right-si­ded lower lobe (20.6 %), and bilateral lower lobe (14.7 %). The least frequent were upper lobe localization of pneumonia in the right, left, and both lungs (2.94 % each), and left multisegmental pneumonia was not observed at all. The most frequent localization of pneumonia in the moderate form was the lower lobes of the right lung (29.4 %), left lung (18.3 %), and multisegmental in both lungs (28.8 %). It was least frequently registered in the upper lobe of the right lung (2.6 %), left lung (3.9 %) but was not registered in the upper lobes of both lungs. The most frequent localization of pneumonia in severe form was bilateral multisegmental (37.5 %). Right-sided multisegmental, left-sided lower lung and bilateral lower lung were the least common — 12.5 % for each. Subfebrile fever was registered more frequently in almost all localizations. More often normal or subfebrile temperature was registered in all localizations, except for right-sided upper lobe pneumonia, in which higher (febrile, pyretic) temperature was registered more often. In all localizations within three days after hospitalization most patients had normal leukocyte count, leukopenia was slightly more frequent in left-sided lower lobe pneumonia, leukocytosis — in the bilateral upper lobe, bilateral lower lobe, and right-sided upper lobe. In general, leukocytosis in community-acquired pneumonia was registered in 38.8 % of patients. In the first three days after hospitalization, a normal amount of lymphocytes was registered in the majority of patients, lymphopenia was observed in one-third of patients with right-sided upper and left-sided lower lobe localization.

scholarly journals Clinical Assessment of the Medial Longitudinal Arch in Children: Rater Agreement and Relationship to Objective Foot Arch Measurements

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 2763-2770
Author(s):  
Andreas Stotz ◽  
Karsten Hollander ◽  
Christoph Heidt ◽  
Susanne Sehner ◽  
Astrid Zech
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Assessment ◽  
Diagnostic System ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Kappa Score ◽  
Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Moderate Agreement ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Poor Relationship

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to (1) investigate the agreement among clinical experts regarding the classification of the medial longitudinal arch in children and to (2) examine the relationship between the expert ratings and the static and dynamic foot arch measurements. Eleven foot experts were asked to identify foot arches of seventy-four children (mean ± SD age of 9.0 ± 1.81 years) using three categories (low, normal, and high arch). Additionally, dynamic footprint data of all children were captured with a pedobarographic platform. For static arch measurements, a specially constructed caliper was used to assess heel-to-toe length and dorsum height. Agreement among raters was determined using the kappa statistic. For comparisons between clinical rating and diagnostic systems, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and ordinal logistic regression were calculated. The combined kappa score for all three arch types (0.422, 32.8%) shows borderline moderate agreement between raters. Area under the curves (AUC) values of the ROC curves ranging from 0.48 to 0.68 show poor relationship between quantitative and qualitative arch height measurements. The highest agreement was found for the dynamic arch index and foot experts’ ratings for low arched vs non-low arched feet (AUC = 0.68) and normal vs low arched feet (AUC = 0.67). The results of this study showed borderline moderate agreement among clinical experts in the clinical assessment of the medial longitudinal plantar arch in children. Also, only a poor relationship between the clinical foot arch assessments and the static and dynamic foot measurements was revealed. Further research is necessary to establish an accurate and consistent diagnostic system for the measurement of the medial longitudinal arch in children.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCHOOLCHILDREN OF 7-10 YEARS IN URBAN AND RURAL AREAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-313
Author(s):  
I. P. Saldan ◽  
Artem P. Pashkov ◽  
O. V. Zhukova
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
Urban Children ◽  
School Level ◽  
Rural Children ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Right

The study assessed the physical development of rural and urban children aged of 7-10 years in the Altai Territory for somatometric and physiometric indices (height, body weight, chest circumference, vital capacity of lungs, dynamometry, arterial pressure). Somatometric indices of the physical development in rural children of primary school level have been established to be statistically significantly higher than similar indices of urban children in boys and girls. The evaluation of physiometric indices in groups of rural and urban children revealed another trend. Indices of the right-hand muscle strength, the vital capacity of lungs, arterial pressure (systolic and diastolic) by 10 years in urban children begins to exceed these indices of rural peers. The revealed differences in the physical development of rural and urban children show a different combination and a share of the influence of environmental factors on the schoolchildren’s organism.

scholarly journals The effect of medial longitudinal arch height and medial longitudinal arch-support insoles on postural balance in perimenopausal women

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEVENT KARATAŞ ◽  
DOĞA VURALLI ◽  
ZAFER GÜNENDİ
Keyword(s):  
Postural Balance ◽  
Postural Sway ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Arch Height ◽  
Functional Reach ◽  
Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Functional Reach Test ◽  
Perimenopausal Women ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Arch Support

Background and aim: In the perimenopausal period, changes in balance and postural control have been reported. We aimed to invastigate the effect of medial longitudinal arch height and medial arch-support insoles on postural sway and balance in middle aged women in perimenopausal period. Materials and Methods: 29 women with normal arches and 29 women with low arches were included in the study. Foot arch of the participants was determined by "arch height index". The static balance index (SBI) measured by Kinesthetic Ability Trainer 3000 and Functional Reach Test were used to evaluate postural balance. Measurements were obtained from all participants with and without medial arch-support insoles. Results: The SBI-total scores without the insoles were found to be significantly higher in the lower arch group than the normal arch group. SBI-total, SBI-anteroposterior, and SBI-mediolateral scores significantly improved in the low arch group in the presence of insoles, whereas the usage of insoles resulted in no difference in the normal arch group. In the presence of insoles, the reach distances to left and right sides increased in both groups, while the forward functional reach distances decreased. Conclusion: Medial longitudinal arch height and medial arch-support insoles affect the balance parameters in perimenopausal women.

Reliability and Correlation of Static and Dynamic Foot Arch Measurement in a Healthy Pediatric Population

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 419-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Scholz ◽  
Astrid Zech ◽  
Karl Wegscheider ◽  
Susanne Lezius ◽  
Klaus-Michael Braumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Dynamic Assessment ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Poor Correlation ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Arch Height ◽  
Longitudinal Arch ◽  
Foot Arch ◽  
Arch Index

Background: Measurement of the medial longitudinal foot arch in children is a controversial topic, as there are many different methods without a definite standard procedure. The purpose of this study was to 1) investigate intraday and interrater reliability regarding dynamic arch index and static arch height, 2) explore the correlation between both arch indices, and 3) examine the variation of the medial longitudinal arch at two different times of the day. Methods: Eighty-six children (mean ± SD age, 8.9 ± 1.9 years) participated in the study. Dynamic footprint data were captured with a pedobarographic platform. For static arch measurements, a specially constructed caliper was used to assess heel-to-toe length and dorsum height. A mixed model was established to determine reliability and variation. Results: Reliability was found to be excellent for the static arch height index in sitting (intraday, 0.90; interrater, 0.80) and standing positions (0.88 and 0.85) and for the dynamic arch index (both 1.00). There was poor correlation between static and dynamic assessment of the medial longitudinal arch (standing dynamic arch index, r = –0.138; sitting dynamic arch index, r = –0.070). Static measurements were found to be significantly influenced by the time of day (P &lt; .001), whereas the dynamic arch index was unchanged (P = .845). This study revealed some further important findings. The static arch height index is influenced by gender (P = .004), whereas dynamic arch index is influenced by side (P = .011) and body mass index (P &lt; .001). Conclusions: Dynamic and static foot measurements are reliable for medial longitudinal foot arch assessment in children. The variation of static arch measurements during the day has to be kept in mind. For clinical purposes, static and dynamic arch data should be interpreted separately.

Planning to reach for a rotating rod

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claes von Hofsten ◽  
Katarina Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Reach To Grasp ◽  
Almost All

Abstract. Hand adjustments of 6- and 10-month-old infants and adults were studied as they reach to grasp a rotating rod. It was found that the subjects in all three age groups adjusted the hand prospectively to the rotating rod during the approach of it. They also adjusted the reaches to the rotating rod in such a way that almost all of the grasps were overhand ones as predicted by the endpoint comfort hypothesis. Finally, it was found that the rotation of the hand was made up of movement units as translational movements are, and that the approach units were relatively independent of the rotational ones.

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