scholarly journals Alterations in the Plantar Pressure Patterns of Overweight and Obese Schoolchildren Due to Backpack Carriage

2013 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 306-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Massimiliano Pau ◽  
Bruno Leban ◽  
Marco Pau
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Contact Areas ◽  
Regular School ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
School Day ◽  
Load Action

Background: Among other adverse consequences, childhood obesity is known to influence foot structure and functionality. Yet little information is available regarding how the physiologic foot-ground interaction is altered when a localized load is carried, as occurs in the case of schoolbags. We investigated plantar contact area and pressure modifications induced by backpack carriage under actual conditions. We hypothesized that a localized load acting on the body would further increase the already excessive plantar pressure that exists with overweight and obese status. Methods: Seventy overweight and obese schoolchildren aged 6 to 11 years underwent two 30-sec trials on a pressure platform during a regular school day, with and without a backpack. Total and subregion contact areas along with peak plantar pressures were obtained, and results were compared with those of an equal-numbered group of normal-weight schoolchildren. Results: Overweight and obese children generally had larger contact areas and higher peak plantar pressures compared with their normal-weight peers. In overweight and normal-weight participants, the backpack induced a similar generalized increase in contact area and pressures. However, the largest changes were observed in the forefoot, suggesting that load action tends to modify the physiologic pressure patterns. Conclusions: Backpack carriage raises the already elevated peak plantar pressures in overweight children during upright stance and modifies the physiologic pressure patterns. Further investigations are needed to clarify the features of such phenomenon when dynamic activities are performed and to verify the existence of fatigue and overexertion on the foot as well as other possible negative long-term effects. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 103(4): 306–313, 2013)

Effect of Running Shoe Type on the Distribution and Magnitude of Plantar Pressures in Individuals with Low- or High-Arched Feet

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Molloy ◽  
Douglas S. Christie ◽  
Deydre S. Teyhen ◽  
Nancy S. Yeykal ◽  
Bradley S. Tragord ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motion Control ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Arch Height ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
Pressure Distributions ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Running Shoes ◽  
Arch Index

Background: Research addressing the effect of running shoe type on the low- or high-arched foot during gait is limited. We sought 1) to analyze mean plantar pressure and mean contact area differences between low- and high-arched feet across three test conditions, 2) to determine which regions of the foot (rearfoot, midfoot, and forefoot) contributed to potential differences in mean plantar pressure and mean contact area, and 3) to determine the association between the static arch height index and the dynamic modified arch index. Methods: Plantar pressure distributions for 75 participants (40 low arched and 35 high arched) were analyzed across three conditions (nonshod, motion control running shoes, and cushioning running shoes) during treadmill walking. Results: In the motion control and cushioning shoe conditions, mean plantar contact area increased in the midfoot (28% for low arched and 68% for high arched), whereas mean plantar pressure decreased by approximately 30% relative to the nonshod condition. There was moderate to good negative correlation between the arch height index and the modified arch index. Conclusions: Cushioning and motion control running shoes tend to increase midfoot mean plantar contact area while decreasing mean plantar pressure across the low- or high-arched foot. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 99(4): 330–338, 2009)

scholarly journals Computer Foot

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 2473011418S0050
Author(s):  
Robert Vander Griend
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Pressure Sensor ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Index Patient ◽  
Sitting Position ◽  
Position Change ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
College Professor ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Foot Position

Category: Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: Metatarsalgia can result from both intrinsic and extrinsic causes of increased plantar pressure. The index patient in this study was a college professor with bilateral metarsalgia (and failed Morton’s neuroma surgeries). In clinic he was noted to be sitting with both feet positioned under his chair (Figure shows example of this position). He indicated that he sat in this position while using his computer for several hours at a time. He was counseled to sit with his feet flat and subsequently noted much improvement in his symptoms. Other patients were then noted to have metatarsalgia and similar computer use foot positions prompting this evaluation of forefoot plantar pressures in this sitting position. Methods: Fifteen patients (eight with computer foot and seven without) were seated in a chair that they could adjust to their normal sitting position. The patients wore socks of their choice but not shoes to avoid loading differences resulting from different types foot wear. A plexiglass plate portable pressure sensor was placed ln the floor. The pressure and contact area was measured for each foot with the foot flat and then the foot positioned with the foot directly under the edge of the chair. Results: The plantar pressures in the seated foot flat position ranged from 8-18 kg (some correlation with leg size/weight and self selected chair height). This pressure was fairly evenly distributed across the entire plantar foot. There were no right-left foot differences. The plantar pressures in the computer foot position (foot directly under the edge of the chair) increased by 40-60% while the contact area decreased by 50% or more. Positioning the foot as far under the chair as possible increased the pressures by an additional 10+%. Conclusion: Foot position while seated can result in increased loads on the plantar forefoot. Maintaining this position for long periods of time-as when working on a computer-can contribute to metatarsalgia . While rarely the only cause of metatarsalgia we have found that about 1/4 of patients with forefoot symptoms do acknowledge that they sit for periods of time in the computer foot position. Change in foot position commonly improves their foot symptoms

Patellar tendon bearing brace: Combined effect of heel clearance and ankle status on foot plantar pressure

2013 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farnaz Alimerzaloo ◽  
Reza V Kashani ◽  
Hassan Saeedi ◽  
Marjan Farzi ◽  
Nader Fallahian
Keyword(s):  
Patellar Tendon ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Repeated Measure ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
Peak Plantar Pressure ◽  
Measure Analysis ◽  
Repeated Measure Analysis

Background: Heel clearance and ankle status (free or locked) are of major determinants affecting peak plantar pressures and contact area in patellar tendon bearing brace and have been separately studied by many researchers. This study investigated the combined effect of ankle status and heel clearance on contact area and peak plantar pressure in different areas of foot (hindfoot, midfoot, and forefoot). Study design: Before–after repeated measurement trial. Methods: Nine healthy male volunteers walked 8 m with normal shoe and four conditions of patellar tendon bearing brace wear. Repeated-measure analysis of variance test was used to compare contact area and plantar pressure changes in three areas of the foot. Results: Application of patellar tendon bearing brace significantly reduced overall plantar pressure and contact area ( p < 0.01). Although both contact area and plantar pressure significantly decreased in hindfoot and midfoot, plantar pressure increased in forefoot area ( p < 0.05). Conclusions: Application of the patellar tendon bearing brace can reduce the overall peak plantar pressure in the foot but increases focal plantar pressure in forefoot. Excessive lifting of the heel seems to minimize the contact area, thus increase focal pressure in forefoot. Overall, plantar pressure seems to be more effectively off-loaded by combining maximum heel clearance and restriction of the ankle joint. Clinical relevance Although effective parameters of patellar tendon bearing brace have been separately addressed in previous studies, no study was found that investigated the combined effect of ankle status and heel clearance. This study investigates the combined effect of these parameters and provides detailed information on clinical application of the patellar tendon bearing brace.

Plantar Pressure During Gait in Pregnant Women

2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (6) ◽  
pp. 398-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne Bertuit ◽  
Clara Leyh ◽  
Marcel Rooze ◽  
Véronique Feipel
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
Nulliparous Women

Background: During pregnancy, physical and hormonal modifications occur. Morphologic alterations of the feet are found. These observations can induce alterations in plantar pressure. This study sought to investigate plantar pressures during gait in the last 4 months of pregnancy and in the postpartum period. A comparison with nulliparous women was conducted to investigate plantar pressure modifications during pregnancy. Methods: Fifty-eight women in the last 4 months of pregnancy, nine postpartum women, and 23 healthy nonpregnant women (control group) performed gait trials on an electronic walkway at preferred speeds. The results for the three groups were compared using analysis of variance. Results: During pregnancy, peak pressure and contact area decreased for the forefoot and rearfoot. These parameters increased significantly for the midfoot. The gait strategy seemed to be lateralization of gait with an increased contact area of the lateral midfoot and both reduced pressure and a later peak time on the medial forefoot. In the postpartum group, footprint parameters were modified compared with the pregnant group, indicating a trend toward partial return to control values, although differences persisted between the postpartum and control groups. Conclusions: Pregnant women had altered plantar pressures during gait. These findings could define a specific pattern of gait footprints in late pregnancy because plantar pressures had characteristics that could maintain a stable and safe gait.

Casting Methods and Plantar Pressure

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick A. Guldemond ◽  
Pieter Leffers ◽  
Antal P. Sanders ◽  
Hans Emmen ◽  
Nicolaas C. Schaper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Neutral Position ◽  
Foot Orthoses ◽  
Contact Areas ◽  
Plantar Surface ◽  
Plantar Pressure Distribution ◽  
Plaster Casting ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Peak Pressures

Foot orthoses are widely used to treat various foot problems. A literature search revealed no publications on differences in plantar pressure distribution resulting from casting methods for foot orthoses. Four casting methods were used for construction of orthoses. Two foam box techniques were used: accommodative full weightbearing method (A) and functional semiweightbearing method (B). Also, two suspension plaster casting techniques were used: accommodative casting (C) and functional subtalar joint neutral position (Root) method (D). Their effects on contact area, plantar pressure, and walking convenience were evaluated. All orthoses increased the total contact area (mean, 17.4%) compared with shoes without orthoses. Differences in contact areas between orthoses for total plantar surface were statistically significant. Peak pressures for the total plantar surface were lower with orthoses than without orthoses (mean, 22.8%). Among orthoses, only the difference between orthoses A and B was statistically significant. Differences between orthoses for the forefoot were small and not statistically significant. The gait lines of the shoe without an insole and of the accommodative orthoses are more medially located than those of functional orthoses. Walking convenience in the shoe was better rated than that with orthoses. There were no differences in perception of walking convenience between orthoses A, B, and C. Orthosis D had the lowest convenience rating. The four casting methods resulted in differences between orthoses with respect to contact areas and walking convenience but only slight differences in peak pressures. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 96(1): 9–18, 2006)

scholarly journals Effect of Shod Walking on Plantar Pressure with Varying Insole

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 248-254
Author(s):  
Kamlpreet Sandhu ◽  
Vineet Srivastava ◽  
Madhusudan Pal
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Foot Pressure ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Plantar Pressures ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Pressure Measuring Device

Walking and running are very critical factors in human being’s everyday life. A human being takes more than 2,000 steps to walk 1.6 km. The human being wear a boot with insole to protect feet when walking, playing and doing various activities. The boot with insole provides significant impact on the feet during these events and transmitted through the feet due to intense force and pressure. Measurements of plantar pressure are important for diagnosing lower limb disorders, designing footwear, injury prevention and applications in sports biomechanics. The objective of this study is to investigate the plantar pressure exerted on the feet during shod walking (wearing boot with three types of insoles); to identify effective insole for reducing plantar pressure during walking (wearing same boot with three insoles). Eighteen fits, healthy male adults volunteered for this study with mean and SD (mean±SD) age (36±9) years, height (169±4) cm, and weight (71±8) kg. During experiments, each volunteer underwent 5 min of treadmill walking (4.5 km/hr speed) with wearing of boot with varying types of insoles (Low-density polyurethane (LDPU) insole 1; High-density polyurethane (HDPU), insole 2; and Silicone rubber (SR), insole 3). Plantar pressures were measured by using a foot pressure measuring device. A paired t-test was conducted to observe significant changes in plantar pressures of different foot region (P<0.05). Observations of the present study revealed that plantar pressures (N/cm²*s) were minimum during the use of LDPU insole than HDPU and SR insoles. It was also noticed that during the using of LDPU insole, less plantar pressure observed in the heel (3.84 ±1.16 in right foot) followed by forefoot (right 3.92±0.88), lateral (right 3.56±0.85), and medial foot (right 3.60±0.69). Hence, the present study suggested that using LDPU insole reducing the transfer of impact forces to the body/foot in comparison to HDPU and SR insoles during walking and minimizing the risk of foot-related injuries in long term use.

EFFECT OF BODY MASS INDEX ON PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Subramanyam ◽  
Dr. P. Subhash Babu
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Peak Expiratory Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Health Care Centre ◽  
Expiratory Flow ◽  
Group B

Obesity has become one of the major health issues in India. WHO defines obesity as “A condition with excessive fat accumulation in the body to the extent that the health and wellbeing are adversely affected”. Obesity results from a complex interaction of genetic, behavioral, environmental and socioeconomic factors causing an imbalance in energy production and expenditure. Peak expiratory flow rate is the maximum rate of airflow that can be generated during forced expiratory manoeuvre starting from total lung capacity. The simplicity of the method is its main advantage. It is measured by using a standard Wright Peak Flow Meter or mini Wright Meter. The aim of the study is to see the effect of body mass index on Peak Expiratory Flow Rate values in young adults. The place of a study was done tertiary health care centre, in India for the period of 6 months. Study was performed on 80 subjects age group 20 -30 years, categorised as normal weight BMI =18.5 -24.99 kg/m2 and overweight BMI =25-29.99 kg/m2. There were 40 normal weight BMI (Group A) and 40 over weight BMI (Group B). BMI affects PEFR. Increase in BMI decreases PEFR. Early identification of risk individuals prior to the onset of disease is imperative in our developing country. Keywords: BMI, PEFR.

STUDIES IN THE SUPPOSED GOITROGENOUS EFFECT OF TAP WATER IN HELSINKI

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (IV) ◽  
pp. 630-636
Author(s):  
F.-E. Krusius ◽  
P. Peltola
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Physiological Saline ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Iodine Uptake ◽  
Redistilled Water ◽  
Detectable Difference ◽  
Term Administration ◽  
Long Term Experiment

ABSTRACT The study reported here was performed in order to examine the tap water of Helsinki for its alleged goitrogenous effect. In a short-term, 24-hour experiment with rats, kept on an iodine-poor diet, we noticed no inhibition of the 4-hour 131I uptake, as compared with that of animals receiving physiological saline instead of tap water. Two similar groups of rats receiving 1 and 2 mg of mercazole in redistilled water showed a distinct blockage of the 4-hour uptake, which proved the effect of this substance. In a long-term experiment of 5 weeks' duration there was no detectable difference in the body weight, thyroid weight and the 4-hour 131I uptake when the rats receiving tap water or distilled water to which 0.45 per cent of sodium chloride was added were compared with each other. Replacement of tap water by a 10 mg per cent solution of mercazole in redistilled water enlarged the thyroid to double its normal weight and increased the 131I uptake to approximately five times that of the controls. Thus our experiments failed to demonstrate any goitrogenous effect in the tap water of Helsinki. Changes similar to those produced by a long-term administration of mercazole, i. e. an enlargement of the thyroid and an increased thyroidal iodine uptake, have been shown to be due to milk collected from goitrous areas. The observations here reported confirm the importance of milk in the genesis of the goitre endemia of Helsinki. Attention is further called to the fact that a thyroidal enlargement combined with an increased thyroidal iodine uptake cannot always be taken as a sign of iodine deficiency because similar changes may be produced by the administration of goitrogens.

scholarly journals Accuracy of Age-Based Formula to Predict the Size and Depth of Cuffed Oral Preformed Endotracheal Tubes in Children Undergoing Tonsillectomy

2021 ◽  
pp. 014556132098051
Author(s):  
Matula Tareerath ◽  
Peerachatra Mangmeesri
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Endotracheal Tube ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Insertion Depth ◽  
Endotracheal Tubes ◽  
Endotracheal Tube Size ◽  
Actual Size

Objectives: To retrospectively investigate the reliability of the age-based formula, year/4 + 3.5 mm in predicting size and year/2 + 12 cm in predicting insertion depth of preformed endotracheal tubes in children and correlate these data with the body mass index. Patients and Methods: Patients were classified into 4 groups according to their nutritional status: thinness, normal weight, overweight, and obesity; we then retrospectively compared the actual size of endotracheal tube and insertion depth to the predicting age-based formula and to the respective bend-to-tip distance of the used preformed tubes. Results: Altogether, 300 patients were included. The actual endotracheal tube size corresponded with the Motoyama formula (64.7%, 90% CI: 60.0-69.1), except for thin patients, where the calculated size was too large (0.5 mm). The insertion depth could be predicted within the range of the bend-to-tip distance and age-based formula in 85.0% (90% CI: 81.3-88.0) of patients. Conclusion: Prediction of the size of cuffed preformed endotracheal tubes using the formula of Motoyama was accurate in most patients, except in thin patients (body mass index < −2 SD). The insertion depth of the tubes was mostly in the range of the age-based-formula to the bend-to-tip distance.

scholarly journals Association of body mass index and maternal age with first stage duration of labour

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Lundborg ◽  
Xingrong Liu ◽  
Katarina Åberg ◽  
Anna Sandström ◽  
Ellen L. Tilden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Maternal Age ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Individualized Approach ◽  
Quantile Regression Analysis ◽  
Labour Time ◽  
Group 1

AbstractTo evaluate associations between early-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and active first stage labour duration, accounting for possible interaction with maternal age, we conducted a cohort study of women with spontaneous onset of labour allocated to Robson group 1. Quantile regression analysis was performed to estimate first stage labour duration between BMI categories in two maternal age subgroups (more and less than 30 years). Results show that obesity (BMI > 30) among younger women (< 30 years) increased the median labour duration of first stage by 30 min compared with normal weight women (BMI < 25), and time difference estimated at the 90th quantile was more than 1 h. Active first stage labour time differences between obese and normal weight women was modified by maternal age. In conclusion: (a) obesity is associated with longer duration of first stage of labour, and (b) maternal age is an effect modifier for this association. This novel finding of an effect modification between BMI and maternal age contributes to the body of evidence that supports a more individualized approach when describing labour duration.

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