Classification of Frontal Plane Rearfoot Motion Patterns During the Stance Phase of Walking

2009 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 399-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Cornwall ◽  
Thomas G. McPoil
Keyword(s):  
Stance Phase ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Motion Analysis System ◽  
Multiple Correlation ◽  
Motion Patterns ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Asymptomatic Individuals ◽  
Rearfoot Motion

Background: Classification of rearfoot motion patterns would assist in understanding normal rearfoot motion and would facilitate the identification of abnormal motion. We sought to identify common frontal plane rearfoot motion patterns in an asymptomatic population. Methods: Frontal plane rearfoot motion was measured with an electromagnetic motion analysis system in 279 asymptomatic individuals during barefoot walking. The coefficient of multiple correlation and visual observation were used to identify similar patterns of rearfoot motion. Results: Four distinct rearfoot motion patterns were identified: pattern 1 consisted of 176 individuals (63.1%) and was labeled “typical” eversion, pattern 2 consisted of 87 individuals (31.2%) and was labeled “prolonged eversion,” pattern 3 consisted of nine individuals (3.2%) and was labeled “delayed eversion,” and pattern 4 consisted of seven individuals (2.5%) and was labeled “early eversion.” Conclusions: Asymptomatic frontal plane rearfoot motion can be classified into four distinct patterns, but most individuals (94.3%) exhibit one of two motion patterns (typical or prolonged eversion). (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 99(5): 399–405, 2009)

The Amount of Rearfoot Motion Used During the Stance Phase of Walking

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 376-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Dowdy Youberg ◽  
Mark W. Cornwall ◽  
Thomas G. McPoil ◽  
Patrick R. Hannon
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Clinical Implication ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Motion Analysis System ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Rearfoot Motion ◽  
Rearfoot Eversion

The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of available passive frontal plane rearfoot motion that is used during the stance phase of walking. Data were collected from 40 healthy, asymptomatic volunteer subjects (20 men and 20 women) aged 23 to 44 years. Passive inversion and eversion motion was measured in a nonweightbearing position by manually moving the calcaneus. Dynamic rearfoot motion was referenced to a vertical calcaneus and tibia and was measured using a three-dimensional electromagnetic motion-analysis system. The results indicated that individuals used 68.1% of their available passive eversion range of motion and 13.2% of their available passive inversion range of motion during walking. The clinical implication of individuals’ regularly operating at or near the end point of their available rearfoot eversion range of motion is discussed. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95(4): 376–382, 2005)

Relationship Between Static Posture and Rearfoot Motion During Walking in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pazit Levinger ◽  
Wendy Gilleard
Keyword(s):  
Stance Phase ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Pain Syndrome ◽  
Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome ◽  
Patellofemoral Pain ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Vertical Alignment ◽  
Rearfoot Motion ◽  
And Inversion ◽  
The Relationship

The reference posture used in angular motion calculations may play an important role in the relationship found between static posture and rearfoot motion in the frontal plane in a clinical population such as patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome. This study examined the relationship between rearfoot inversion and eversion during the stance phase of walking and the static relaxed standing measurement in women (aged 18 years and older) with patellofemoral pain syndrome and controls and examined the influence of the reference posture used when calculating dynamic motion. Two reference postures were investigated: vertical alignment between the rearfoot and the lower leg and relaxed calcaneal standing. When using the latter reference posture, a significant correlation was found between the static relaxed standing measurement and peak eversion in controls only. When using the vertical alignment reference posture, significant correlation was found only in the patellofemoral pain syndrome group for peak eversion and inversion. The positive relationship found in the patellofemoral pain syndrome group between dynamic angular measures, based on a neutral reference posture, and static relaxed standing indicated that for subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome, the clinical rearfoot measurement of relaxed standing can be used to explain the pattern of rearfoot motion during walking. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 96(4): 323–329, 2006)

Effect of a Metatarsal Pad on the Forefoot During Gait

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koen L. M. Koenraadt ◽  
Niki M. Stolwijk ◽  
Dorine van den Wildenberg ◽  
Jaak Duysens ◽  
Noël L. W. Keijsers
Keyword(s):  
Plantar Pressure ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Metatarsal Head ◽  
Pain Reduction ◽  
Motion Analysis System ◽  
Extra Space ◽  
Second Metatarsal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Analysis System

Background: Metatarsal pads are frequently prescribed for patients with metatarsalgia to reduce pain under the distal metatarsal heads. Several studies showed reduced pain and reduced plantar pressure just distal to the metatarsal pad. However, only part of the pain reduction could be explained by the decrease in plantar pressure under the forefoot. Therefore, an alternative hypothesis is proposed that pain relief is related to a widening of the foot and the creation of extra space between the metatarsal heads. This study focused on the effect of a metatarsal pad on the geometry of the forefoot by studying forefoot width and the height of the second metatarsal head. Methods: Using a motion analysis system, 16 primary metatarsalgia feet and 12 control feet were measured when walking with and without a metatarsal pad. Results: A significant mean increase of 0.60 mm in forefoot width during the stance phase was found when a metatarsal pad was worn. During midstance, the mean increase in forefoot width was 0.74 mm. In addition, walking with a metatarsal pad revealed an increase in the height of the second metatarsal head (mean, 0.62 mm). No differences were found between patients and controls. Conclusions: The combination of increased forefoot width and the height of the second metatarsal head produced by the metatarsal pad results in an increase in space between the metatarsal heads. This extra space could play a role in pain reduction produced by a metatarsal pad. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 102(1): 18–24, 2012)

A Comparison of Two Motion Analysis Systems for the Measurement of Two-Dimensional Rearfoot Motion During Walking

1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 427-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kori Mannon ◽  
Tonya Anderson ◽  
Phil Cheetham ◽  
Mark W. Cornwall ◽  
Thomas G. McPoil
Keyword(s):  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Electromagnetic Analysis ◽  
Motion Analysis System ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Mean Motion ◽  
Motion Paths ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Rearfoot Motion

The purpose of this study was to compare two-dimensional rearfoot motion during walking measured by a traditional video-based motion analysis system to that of an electromagnetic analysis system. Twenty-five individuals (15 men, 10 women) with a mean age of 29.8 years served as subjects for this study. The results of the study showed that there was a high correlation ( r = 0.945) between the mean motion paths produced by the two systems, indicating that they were very similar. The electromagnetic motion analysis system was able to produce these similar results in a fraction of the time required by the video-based system.

Motion of the Calcaneus, Navicular, and First Metatarsal During the Stance Phase of Walking

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Cornwall ◽  
Thomas G. McPoil
Keyword(s):  
Stance Phase ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Linear Displacement ◽  
Human Walking ◽  
Motion Analysis System ◽  
First Metatarsal ◽  
History Of ◽  
Foot Problems ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Analysis System

One hundred fifty-three subjects between the ages of 18 and 41 years (mean age, 26.2 years) with no history of congenital or traumatic deformity or foot problems walked along a 6-m walkway while the angular and linear displacement of the tibia, calcaneus, navicular, and first metatarsal was measured by means of an electromagnetic motion analysis system. Three-dimensional movement of the calcaneus relative to the tibia, of the navicular relative to the calcaneus, and of the first metatarsal relative to the navicular during the stance phase of gait was calculated. The results of this study provide information on, and an understanding of, how the calcaneus, navicular, and first metatarsal function during the stance phase of normal human walking. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 92(2): 67-76, 2002)

The Stance Phase of Walking During Late Pregnancy

2005 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janelle K. Lymbery ◽  
Wendy Gilleard
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Stance Phase ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Camera Motion ◽  
Motion Analysis System ◽  
Step Width ◽  
Analysis System ◽  
Camera Motion Analysis

The purpose of this study was to investigate temporospatial and ground reaction force variables in the stance phase of walking during late pregnancy. An eight-camera motion-analysis system was used to record 13 pregnant women at 38 weeks’ gestation and again 8 weeks after birth. In late pregnancy, there was a wider step width, and mediolateral ground reaction force tended to be increased in a medial direction. The center of pressure moved more medially initially and less anteriorly at 100% of stance in late pregnancy. The differences suggest that women may adapt their gait to maximize stability in the stance phase of walking and to control mediolateral motion. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95(3): 247–253, 2005)

scholarly journals The Validity of Wireless Earbud-Type Wearable Sensors for Head Angle Estimation and the Relationships of Head with Trunk, Pelvis, Hip, and Knee during Workouts

Sensors ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 597
Author(s):  
Ae-Ryeong Kim ◽  
Ju-Hyun Park ◽  
Si-Hyun Kim ◽  
Kwang Bok Kim ◽  
Kyue-Nam Park
Keyword(s):  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Motion Analysis System ◽  
3D Motion ◽  
Trunk Motion ◽  
3D Motion Analysis ◽  
Analysis System

The present study was performed to investigate the validity of a wireless earbud-type inertial measurement unit (Ear-IMU) sensor used to estimate head angle during four workouts. In addition, relationships between head angle obtained from the Ear-IMU sensor and the angles of other joints determined with a 3D motion analysis system were investigated. The study population consisted of 20 active volunteers. The Ear-IMU sensor measured the head angle, while a 3D motion analysis system simultaneously measured the angles of the head, trunk, pelvis, hips, and knees during workouts. Comparison with the head angle measured using the 3D motion analysis system indicated that the validity of the Ear-IMU sensor was very strong or moderate in the sagittal and frontal planes. In addition, the trunk angle in the frontal plane showed a fair correlation with the head angle determined with the Ear-IMU sensor during a single-leg squat, reverse lunge, and standing hip abduction; the correlation was poor in the sagittal plane. Our results indicated that the Ear-IMU sensor can be used to directly estimate head motion and indirectly estimate trunk motion.

Comparison of the Prediction Models for the L5/S1 Compressive Forces under Varying Asymmetric Lifting Conditions

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 (10) ◽  
pp. 704-708
Author(s):  
Min K. Chung ◽  
Dohyung Kee ◽  
Sang H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Motion Analysis ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Compressive Force ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trunk Muscles ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Motion Analysis System ◽  
Asymmetric Lifting ◽  
Analysis System

In this study, comparisons were made among three representative methods for predicting compressive forces on the lumbosacral disc: LP-based model, double LP-based model and EMG-assisted model. Two subjects simulated lifting tasks that were frequently performed in the refractories industry in Korea, in which vertical distance, frontal plane horizontal distance, and weight of load were varied. To calculate the L5/S1 compressive forces, EMG signals from six trunk muscles were measured and postural data were recorded using the Motion Analysis System. The EMG-assisted model was shown to reflect well all three factors considered here. On the other hand, the compressive forces of the two LP-based models were significantly affected only by weight of load. Furthermore, relatively low correlation was observed between the compressive force of the EMG-assisted model and the 1991 NIOSH lifting index(LI), while highly positive correlation was observed between that of the two LP-based models and LI.

scholarly journals Comparison of Transverse Plane Tibial and Frontal Plane Rearfoot Motion and Movement Coordination Between Runners With Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome and Healthy Controls

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 375-380
Author(s):  
Ben Langley ◽  
Nick Knight ◽  
Stewart C. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Stance Phase ◽  
Statistical Parametric Mapping ◽  
Frontal Plane ◽  
Transverse Plane ◽  
Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome ◽  
Coordination Pattern ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Movement Coordination ◽  
Stress Syndrome ◽  
Rearfoot Motion

Medial tibial stress syndrome (MTSS) is a common running-related injury. Alterations in movement patterns and movement coordination patterns have been linked to the development of overuse injuries. The aim of this study was to compare transverse plane tibial and frontal plane rearfoot motion and the coordination of these movements between runners with MTSS and healthy controls. A total of 10 recreational runners with MTSS and 10 healthy controls ran at 11 km/h on a treadmill. A 3-camera motion analysis system operating at 200 Hz was used to calculate tibia and rearfoot motion. Stance phase motion patterns were compared between groups using multivariate analysis, specifically, Hotelling T2 test with statistical parametric mapping. A modified vector coding technique was used to classify the coordination of transverse plane tibial and frontal plane rearfoot motion. The frequency of each coordination pattern displayed by each group was compared using independent samples t tests. Individuals with MTSS displayed significantly (P = .037, d = 1.00) more antiphase coordination (tibial internal rotation with rearfoot inversion) despite no significant (P > .05) differences in stance phase kinematics. The increased antiphase movement may increase the torsional stress placed upon the medial aspect of the tibia, contributing to the development of MTSS.

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