8. Seed Germination Syndromes in Higher Plants

1979 ◽  
pp. 188-206
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Higher Plants

Seed Germination Syndromes in Higher Plants

1979 ◽  
pp. 188-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark W. Angevine ◽  
Brian F. Chabot
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Higher Plants

scholarly journals iTRAQ-Based Analysis of Proteins Co-Regulated by Brassinosteroids and Gibberellins in Rice Embryos during Seed Germination

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian-Feng Li ◽  
Jin-Dong Wang ◽  
Min Xiong ◽  
Ke Wei ◽  
Peng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Regulatory Network ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Absolute Quantification ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Differentially Expressed Proteins ◽  
Search Tool ◽  
Isobaric Tags

Seed germination, a pivotal process in higher plants, is precisely regulated by various external and internal stimuli, including brassinosteroid (BR) and gibberellin (GA) phytohormones. The molecular mechanisms of crosstalk between BRs and GAs in regulating plant growth are well established. However, whether BRs interact with GAs to coordinate seed germination remains unknown, as do their common downstream targets. In the present study, 45 differentially expressed proteins responding to both BR and GA deficiency were identified using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) proteomic analysis during seed germination. The results indicate that crosstalk between BRs and GAs participates in seed germination, at least in part, by modulating the same set of responsive proteins. Moreover, most targets exhibited concordant changes in response to BR and GA deficiency, and gene ontology (GO) indicated that most possess catalytic activity and are involved in various metabolic processes. Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) analysis was used to construct a regulatory network of downstream proteins mediating BR- and GA-regulated seed germination. The mutation of GRP, one representative target, notably suppressed seed germination. Our findings not only provide critical clues for validating BR–GA crosstalk during rice seed germination, but also help to optimise molecular regulatory networks.

Structural, physiological and molecular aspects of heterogeneity in seeds: a review

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angel Matilla ◽  
Mercedes Gallardo ◽  
María Isabel Puga-Hermida
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Bank ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Shape Parameters ◽  
Action Mechanism ◽  
Seed Population ◽  
Molecular Aspects

Higher plants have several strategies to perpetuate themselves under adequate ecophysiological conditions. The production of heterogeneous seeds is one such strategy. That is, to ensure the survival of the next generation, an individual plant might produce seeds that are heterogeneous with respect to the extent of dormancy, dispersion and persistence within the seed bank. Heterogeneity can affect not only certain physiological and molecular properties related to seed germination, but also such characteristics as colour, size and shape, parameters commonly used to differentiate morphs within a heterogeneous seed population. In heterogeneous seeds, the above features determine seed behaviour and alter their mechanism of germination. In this work, emphasis is placed on the existence of seed mutants having major alterations in characteristics of the testa and hormonal response. These mutants constitute a valuable tool for elucidating the mechanism of dormancy, germination and perpetuation of seeds. Finally, ontogeny and heterogeneity are reviewed, providing the first data related to the possible hormonal control of heterogeneity in seeds. These results raise the hypothesis that one of the factors triggering differences in germination among heterogeneous seeds may be an alteration in the signalling and action mechanism of ethylene and abscisic acid (ABA).

scholarly journals A Raf-like kinase is required for smoke-induced seed dormancy in Arabidopsis thaliana

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (14) ◽  
pp. e2020636118
Author(s):  
Inhye Lee ◽  
Eunsun Kim ◽  
Soobin Choi ◽  
Dayoung Kim ◽  
Wangyu Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Phenotypic Analysis ◽  
Genetic Components ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Molecular Aspects

Plants sense and integrate diverse stimuli to determine the timing for germination. A smoke compound, 3,4,5-trimethylfuran-2(5H)-one (trimethylbutenolide, TMB), has been identified to inhibit the seed germination of higher plants. To understand the mode of action, we examined various physiological and molecular aspects of the TMB-dependent inhibition of seed germination in Arabidopsis thaliana. The results indicated that the effect of TMB is due to the enhanced physiological dormancy, which is modulated by other dormancy regulatory cues such as after-ripening, stratification, and ABA/GA signaling. In addition, gene expression profiling showed that TMB caused genome-wide transcriptional changes, altering the expression of a series of dormancy-related genes. Based on the TMB-responsive physiological contexts in Arabidopsis, we performed mutant screening to isolate genetic components that underpin the TMB-induced seed dormancy. As a result, the TMB-RESISTANT1 (TES1) gene in Arabidopsis, encoding a B2 group Raf-like kinase, was identified. Phenotypic analysis of the tes1 mutant implicated that TES1 has a critical role in the TMB-responsive gene expression and the inhibition of seed germination. Taken together, we propose that plants have been equipped with a TMB sensory pathway through which the TMB induces the seed dormancy in a TES1-dependent way.

scholarly journals Fractal Model of the Protoplant's Appearance

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-232
Author(s):  
В.В. Галицкий ◽  
V.V. Galitskii
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Exponential Growth ◽  
Fractal Geometry ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
Fractal Model ◽  
Fixed Number ◽  
Set Of Points ◽  
Allometric Parameter ◽  
Plant Embryogenesis

Sectional model of the tree's system branches, which was published earlier, was extended on the range (0.1) of model's allometric parameter μ, relating the magnitude of the green biomass of a tree and its size (for spruce μ ≈ 1.83). The model showed the presence of a green biomass in this range. According to the statements of fractal geometry this points out a possibility to interpret the placement of green biomass as a set of photosynthesis points. In turn according to contemporary notions about endosymbiotic character of appearance of organelles in eukaryotic cell this was interpreted as begin of endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria and a host (protist). This has been modeled by the groups’ placement of growing number of points on an interval under initial limitation of the number of points per group. The limitation is connected to the initial absence in protist an infrastructure which is need for the growing number of cyanobacteria. It was demonstrated that initially in course of increasing total points number the parameter μ decreases from 1.0 to 0.25 under the fixed number of points per group and then increases to 1.0 under the fixed number of groups. This gives an initial braking (slowdown) of growth of protoplant's size (a characteristic geometrical dimension of set of points) and then exponential growth after deleting limitation of point number per group in evolution's course of host endosymbiosis similarly to higher plants. Morphological analogy of situations of begin of plant embryogenesis and begin of seed germination with the situation described by the model of protoplant appearance is discussed.

Oxidative signalling in seed germination and early seedling growth: an emerging role for ROS trafficking and inter-organelle communication

2021 ◽  
Vol 478 (10) ◽  
pp. 1977-1984
Author(s):  
Christophe Bailly ◽  
Livia Merendino
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Cell Compartments ◽  
Ros Homeostasis ◽  
Retrograde Signalling ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Organelle Communication

Underground early development of higher plants includes two distinct developmental processes, seed germination and then skotomorphogenesis, a mechanism which favours elongation of the hypocotyl and helps the seedling to find light. Interestingly, both processes, which are regulated by plant hormones, have been shown to depend on reactive oxygen species metabolism and to be related to mitochondrial retrograde signalling. Here we review the recent outcomes in this field of research and highlight the emerging role of ROS communication between organelles and cell compartments. We point out the role of mitochondria as an environmental and developmental sensor organelle that regulates ROS homeostasis and downstream events and we propose future directions of research that should help better understanding the roles of ROS in germination and seedling emergence.

scholarly journals The Molecular Regulatory Pathways and Metabolic Adaptation in the Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth of Rice in Response to Low O2 Stress

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1363
Author(s):  
Mingqing Ma ◽  
Weijian Cen ◽  
Rongbai Li ◽  
Shaokui Wang ◽  
Jijing Luo
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Direct Seeding ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Low Oxygen ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Regulatory Pathways ◽  
Early Seedling ◽  
Coleoptile Elongation

As sessile organisms, flooding/submergence is one of the major abiotic stresses for higher plants, with deleterious effects on their growth and survival. Therefore, flooding/submergence is a large challenge for agriculture in lowland areas worldwide. Long-term flooding/submergence can cause severe hypoxia stress to crop plants and can result in substantial yield loss. Rice has evolved distinct adaptive strategies in response to low oxygen (O2) stress caused by flooding/submergence circumstances. Recently, direct seeding practice has been increasing in popularity due to its advantages of reducing cultivation cost and labor. However, establishment and growth of the seedlings from seed germination under the submergence condition are large obstacles for rice in direct seeding practice. The physiological and molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying tolerant and sensitive phenotypes in rice have been extensively investigated. Here, this review focuses on the progress of recent advances in the studies of the molecular mechanisms and metabolic adaptions underlying anaerobic germination (AG) and coleoptile elongation. Further, we highlight the prospect of introducing quantitative trait loci (QTL) for AG into rice mega varieties to ensure the compatibility of flooding/submergence tolerance traits and yield stability, thereby advancing the direct seeding practice and facilitating future breeding improvement.

scholarly journals Fractal Features of Proto-Plant’s Origin and their Possible Consequences

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.V. Galitskii
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Counting Method ◽  
Photosynthetic System ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Fractal Parameter ◽  
Box Counting ◽  
Fractal Properties ◽  
Box Counting Method

AbstractThe extension of the sectional model of the spruce crown’s dynamics into diapason (0, 1) of the fractal parameter μ has demonstrated the existence of green biomass on branches of three orders in form of photosynthesizing (green) points. We investigated the growth of point sets on an interval as a model of the origin of proto-plants, which are formed due to endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria and protists. The fractal properties of the sets of evenly placed points and group sets were studied using the box-counting method. For the group sets, the character of dependence μ on the growing total number of points changes radically differently depending on whether the number of the points per group or the number of groups was fixed. As the host does not have the initial infrastructure needed for an increase in cyanobacteria per group, the first path is implemented and μ decreases from 1 to 0.25 when groups consist of two points per group. If and when the host develops necessary anatomical features (infrastructure), the second pathway is realized and μ grows to 1. The combined trajectory of μ initially demonstrates a slow growth of the size of the photosynthetic system and then an exponential growth after the development of the host’s infrastructure. Similar fractal peculiarity also characterizes trees and is an innate property of plants. Assumptions on the morphological recapitulation of proto-plant in higher plants’ ontogenesis (embryogenesis and seed germination) and also a possibility to fix the number of cyanobacteria per group are discussed.

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