5 Struggling to Preserve in the Context of Aggressive Development Pressure

2021 ◽  
pp. 156-190
Keyword(s):  
Development Pressure

Analysis on the difference of college teachers’ professional pressure and strategies to improve teachers’ mental health under the expectancy theory

Work ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Xiao Liang ◽  
Oscar O. Bautista
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Professional Development ◽  
Science Teachers ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
Organizational Factors ◽  
Expectancy Theory ◽  
College Teachers ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Intermediate Teachers ◽  
Development Pressure

BACKGROUND: Professional pressure is one of the most concerned issues in society. Teachers are a group of people with greater professional pressure. The pressure sources include students, schools and society. OBJECTIVE: This exploration aims to explore the professional pressure and mental health of college teachers. METHOD: Based on the expectancy theory, the professional pressure and mental health of different college teachers are investigated. The overall steps are as follows: the determination of topic, questionnaire design, questionnaire distribution and recovery, questionnaire data analysis to obtain results, as well as countermeasure analysis based on the results. RESULTS: The investigation suggests that the sores of college teachers’ work pressure load, family life pressure, interpersonal pressure, physical and mental pressure, leadership and organizational factors pressure, career development pressure, scientific research, and professional title pressure are high. From senior to elementary, the pressure of teachers increases first and then decreases. The professional development pressure of liberal arts teachers is significantly higher than that of science teachers and engineering teachers (P <  0.05). Among science and engineering teachers, the professional development pressure of science teachers is relatively high. Men have better mental health than women (P <  0.05). Unmarried teachers have the best mental health status, followed by married and finally divorced (P <  0.05). The mental health of senior and elementary teachers is significantly better than that of sub-senior teachers and intermediate teachers (P <  0.05). CONCLUSION: The investigation on professional pressure and mental health of college teachers can contribute to the related problem solving in China, as well as enrich the content of relevant fields in China.

scholarly journals Landowner Incentives to Participate in a Purchase of Development Rights Program with Application to Maryland

1983 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Phipps
Keyword(s):  
Capital Markets ◽  
Perfect Information ◽  
Participation Rates ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Development Rights ◽  
Purchase Of Development Rights ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Development Pressure

A theory-based participation model is developed using the assumptions of perfect capital markets and perfect information. Given this specification it is shown that participation in a PDR program is always equivalent in present value terms to selling the land, and is always at least as good as not participating and remaining in farming.In order to investigate participation rates in the Maryland PDR program a less restrictive model is developed which relaxes the perfect capital markets assumption. It is found that a PDR program is most likely to be successful in regions characterized by relatively low levels of development pressure, and least likely to be successful in areas experiencing high rates of growth or areas that are not undergoing development pressure.

scholarly journals How Does Low-Density Urbanization Reduce the Financial Sustainability of Chinese Cities? A Debt Perspective

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 981
Author(s):  
Yan Yan ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Ningcheng Wang ◽  
Shenjun Yao
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Government Debt ◽  
Sustainable Urban Development ◽  
Fiscal Stress ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Output Efficiency ◽  
Fiscal Revenue ◽  
Development Pressure

Low-density urbanization threatens urban social and ecological sustainability not only directly by excessively encroaching on suburban farmland and ecological space, but may also indirectly do so by undermining the financial basis of sustainable urban development. To address this relationship, this study empirically examines the effect of low-density urbanization on local government debt by using panel data of prefecture-level cities in China from 2006 to 2015. Results show that the scale of local government debt increases significantly with a rise in urban expansion. Furthermore, this study found that low-density urbanization affects local government debt in two ways. First, low-density urban expansion reduces the land output efficiency, which decreases potential fiscal revenue and thus increases local government debt. Second, low-density urban expansion raises the construction and maintenance expenditure of urban infrastructure, which increases the demand for urban construction financing and thus pushes up the scale of debt. The results of the heterogeneous study indicate that low-density urbanization significantly affects local government debt mainly in Central/Western regions, small and medium-sized cities, cities with high fiscal stress and development pressure, and residentially expanding cities. On the contrary, low-density urbanization has no significant effect on the Eastern regions, large cities, cities with low fiscal stress and development pressure, and spatially expanding cities. This study theoretically explored and empirically verified a critical indirect effect of low-density urbanization on urban sustainability by increasing fiscal risks, which is, and will continue to be, a common and vital challenge faced by cities in China and other rapidly urbanizing developing countries.

Contextualising development pressure

2001 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Watkins ◽  
Catherine Wale ◽  
Roy Haines-Young ◽  
Andrew Murdock
Keyword(s):  
Development Pressure
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