13. Gender Differences in the Social Moderators of Stress

Objetivo: Establecer los determinantes sociales de la salud estructurales e intermedios y su relación con la discapacidad en la ciudad de Barranquilla, apartir del análisis de las diferencias por género. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo correlacional, con 726 registros de la base de datos a 2011.Se utilizó el Registro DANE de personas con discapacidad, que fue sistematizado en el programa SPSS Versión 19.0. Resultados: Se encontrarondiferencias estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,05) y niveles de dependencia baja relacionadas con tipo de afiliación a la seguridad social, la raza, eltrabajo desempeñado y el salario mensual. Conclusiones: Existen diferencias por género en algunos determinantes sociales de la salud. Además, ladiscapacidad se hace evidente cuando la persona encuentra o presenta restricciones que le impiden su plena participación en la sociedad. ABSTRACTObjective:To establish the social determinants of health and intermediate structural and Disability in the city of Barranquilla, analyzing genderdifferences. Materials and Methods: A descriptive correlational study with 726 records database to 2011, the Registry was used DANE people withdisabilities was systematized in the SPSS version 19.0 program. Results: Statistically significant differences p < 0.05 and low levels of dependenceaffiliation to social security, race, work performed and met monthly salary. Conclusions: There are gender differences in some social Determinants ofHealth, disability is also evident when the person is or has restrictions that prevent their full participation in society.

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Are There Gender Differences in Social Cognition in First-Episode Psychosis?

Women ◽

10.3390/women1040018 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 204-211

Author(s):

Marina Verdaguer-Rodríguez ◽

Raquel López-Carrilero ◽

Marta Ferrer-Quintero ◽

Helena García-Mieres ◽

Luciana Díaz-Cutraro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Social Cognition ◽

Attributional Style ◽

Social Cognitive ◽

First Episode Psychosis ◽

Test Theory ◽

First Episode ◽

Cognitive Domains ◽

Episode Psychosis ◽

The Social

The aim of this study was to explore gender differences in social cognition in a sample of first-episode psychosis (FEP). An observational descriptive study was performed with 191 individuals with FEP. Emotion perception was assessed using the Faces Test, theory of mind was assessed using the Hinting Task, and attributional style was assessed using the Internal, Personal and Situational Attributions Questionnaire. No gender differences were found in any of the social cognitive domains. Our results suggest that men and women with FEP achieve similar performances in social cognition. Therefore, targeting specific needs in social cognition regarding gender may not be required in early interventions for psychosis.

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Gender differences in perception of the appropriate maturity age for men and women: Age norms of reproduction-related life events between the social context and evolutionary foundations

10.21203/rs.3.rs-337251/v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Bojan Todosijević ◽

Suzana Ignjatović

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Life Events ◽

Economic Status ◽

Convincing Evidence ◽

Optimal Timing ◽

Social Forces ◽

Men And Women ◽

Age Norms ◽

Younger Age ◽

The Social

Abstract The paper explores gender differences in the perception of appropriate age for reproduction-related life events. Evolutionary theory suggests that age norms are shaped by gender-specific evolutionary challenges. We tested two hypotheses based on the evolutionary rationale. Hypothesis 1 suggests that both men and women believe that women should reach maturity and experience reproduction-related life events earlier than men. Hypothesis 2 claims that men and women demonstrate this tendency asymmetrically. When women estimate the appropriate/ideal age for men, they suggest a higher appropriate age for men than men themselves. When men estimate the appropriate/ideal age for women, they suggest a younger age for women compared to women themselves. In the second part of the paper, we explored the background of these claims by testing the alternative explanations based on ‘social forces’ (culture, socio-economic status, education, age, values). The hypotheses were tested using the 9th wave of the ESS data, totaling around 47 thousand respondents and the sample of Balkan countries was analyzed in more detail. The appropriate age was measured using ‘ideal age’ as the concept which reflects the optimal timing expectations for reproduction-related events: living with a partner, marriage, and parenthood. Respondents were also asked to make judgments about the appropriate age of becoming an adult for men and women. The overall results supported the outlined expectations based on the evolutionary approach. The results did not provide convincing evidence for the alternative, non-evolutionary interpretation of the identified patterns.

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Social Information and Gender Differences in Competitive Preferences

The American Economist ◽

10.1177/05694345211054212 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 056943452110542

Author(s):

Christopher Roby

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Gender Gap ◽

Social Information ◽

Jel Codes ◽

The Social ◽

Addition Task ◽

Payment Schemes ◽

And Gender ◽

Winner Take All ◽

Take All

This is an exploratory study that examines the effect of social information on gender differences in selection into a winner-take-all tournament, using a simple addition task. Participants perform this task in multiple rounds and then select into a competitive or non-competitive pay scheme. Prior to choosing payment schemes, participants are shown selected results about average performance and choices in a similar experiment. I find that the inclusion of social information eliminates any extant gender gap in competitive choices in every treatment. The reduction in the gender gap is not due to greater efficiency of choices by men or women, even though inefficient choices by low-performing individuals are mostly eliminated. Rather, the inclusion of feedback causes men and women to select into a competitive pay scheme in a similar manner, thereby removing the gender gap. Despite these results, the complexity of the social information intervention used leaves some results unexplained. JEL Codes: C9, J2, J16.

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Gender and Language

Futuristic and Linguistic Perspectives on Teaching Writing to Second Language Students - Advances in Linguistics and Communication Studies ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-6508-7.ch010 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 161-177

Author(s):

Didem Koban Koç

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Undergraduate Students ◽

English Language ◽

English Language Teaching ◽

The Other ◽

First Year ◽

Teaching Program ◽

Linguistic Features ◽

The Social ◽

Social Meanings

The present study investigated gender differences in the use of linguistic features as well as the social meanings attached to those differences. Academic essays, written by 44 (22 male, 22 female) first-year undergraduate students enrolled in the English Language Teaching program at a government university were analyzed with respect to the use of linguistic features (adjectives, empty adjectives, intensifiers, linking adverbials) as well as the number of words and sentences used by the students. The results showed that, in comparison to males, females used more adjectives, intensifiers, and words. Males, on the other hand, used more empty adjectives and linking adverbials than females. Based on the results, pedagogical implications are discussed, and recommendations are provided in order to increase teachers' awareness of gender differences and improve students' writing skills.

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The social origins of gender differences in anticipated feelings of guilt and shame following delinquency

Criminology & Criminal Justice ◽

10.1177/1748895817721273 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 291-313 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Arne De Boeck ◽

Stefaan Pleysier ◽

Johan Put

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Interpersonal Relations ◽

Peer Delinquency ◽

Gender Role Beliefs ◽

North East ◽

The North ◽

The Social ◽

Males And Females ◽

Traditional Masculinity ◽

Traditional Femininity

In this study, we investigate gender differences in adolescents’ anticipated feelings of guilt and shame for engaging in shoplifting and retaliatory violence. More specifically, we examine the extent to which interpersonal relations with parents and teachers, perceived peer delinquency and traditional gender role beliefs have different effects on levels of shame-guilt among males and females, and to what extent these variables mediate gender differences in shame-guilt. We use data collected in a sample of 852 adolescents in Genk, a multi-ethnic city in the north-east of Belgium. Our findings confirm those of earlier research indicating that females experience a considerably higher threat of shame-guilt for engaging in delinquency than males. Factors explaining males’ and females’ anticipated shame-guilt feelings are similar in the case of shoplifting, but different in the case of violence. Differential exposure to peer delinquency and parental follow-up partially mediate the effect of gender on shame-guilt for engaging in shoplifting. Among males, endorsement of traditional masculinity predicts lower levels of shame-guilt for engaging in shoplifting and violence. Among females, endorsement of traditional femininity predicts lower levels of shame-guilt for engaging in shoplifting, but has no effect on shame-guilt for engaging in violence. We discuss the implications of our findings for understanding the contribution of shame-guilt to the social control of delinquency across gender.

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The Pivotal Role of Women in Informal Care

Journal of Family Issues ◽

10.1177/0192513x08316115 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 29 (10) ◽

pp. 1348-1378 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Piet Bracke ◽

Wendy Christiaens ◽

Naomi Wauterickx

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Social Relations ◽

Panel Study ◽

Work And Family ◽

Social Conditions ◽

Life Stages ◽

Men And Women ◽

The Social ◽

The Life Course

Supporting and caring for each other are crucial parts of the social tissue that binds people together. In these networks, men and women hold different positions: Women more often care more for others, listen more to the problems of others, and, as kin keepers, hold families together. Is this true for all life stages? And are social conditions, among other things bound to the organization of work and family, an essential explanation of these differences? Data from the sixth wave (1997) of the Panel Study of Belgian Households allow us to answer these questions. The results show that women are the glue holding social relations together. They play a central role as friends, daughters, sisters, mothers, and grandmothers throughout all stages of the life course. Similar life commitments do not reduce these gender differences but instead emphasize them even further.

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Co-regulation of stress in uterus and during early infancy mediates early programming of gender differences in attachment styles: Evolutionary, genetic, and endocrinal perspectives

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x09000107 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 29-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sari Goldstein Ferber

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Attachment Styles ◽

Early Infancy ◽

Secure Attachment ◽

Newborn Period ◽

Brain Functions ◽

The Social ◽

Evolutionary Genetic ◽

Social Message ◽

The Brain

AbstractAccording to evolutionary, genetic, and endocrinal perspectives, gender differences are modulated by the interaction between intra-uterine stress, genetic equipments, and the availability of the facilitating environment during the newborn period. The social message of fitness over obstacles during socialization and the discussion of secure/non-secure attachment styles should take into consideration the brain functions, which are altered differently in response to intra- and extra-uterine stress in each gender.

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VI. Gender

New Surveys in the Classics ◽

10.1017/s0533245100030133 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 24 ◽

pp. 69-83

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Role Models ◽

Daily Life ◽

Greek Religion ◽

The Social ◽

Women In Art ◽

Social Meanings ◽

Femininity And Masculinity ◽

Cultural Constructions ◽

Representations Of Women

Historians and anthropologists use the term ‘gender’ to denote the social meanings and cultural constructions of femininity and masculinity instead of the physical connotations of sex. Although anthropologists have also done some work on concepts of masculinity, recent studies of Greek religion have mainly analysed positions and representations of women, in so far as they have focused on gender differences at all. We will therefore first look at some elements of the female life cycle and daily life (§ 1), then look at representations of women in art and myth and at goddesses as possible role models (§ 2), and conclude with a discussion of the most important women’s festivals (§ 3).

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