CHAPTER 31 MIDDLE PERIOD IMPERIAL ENCYCLOPEDIAS

This chapter deals with how the Islamic historical writing of the Middle Period developed directly from the early Islamic tradition, and its legacy remained deeply inscribed into the ways history was written and represented between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries. However, as historians started to develop new styles and new genres, they turned to previously neglected aspects of the past, their social profile changed, and the writing of history became a more self-conscious, and to some degree self-confident, cultural practice. Most importantly, those issues that had motivated earlier historians, such as the legitimacy of the Abbasid Caliphate, declined in significance and historians of the Middle Period turned to new and more diverse subjects.

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Plato’s Politics

The Oxford Handbook of Plato ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190639730.013.25 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 574-604

Author(s):

Christopher Bobonich

Keyword(s):

Political Philosophy ◽

Social Status ◽

Private Property ◽

The Political ◽

Middle Period ◽

Plato's Political Philosophy ◽

Status Of Women

The dialogues that are most obviously important for Plato’s political philosophy include: the Apology, the Crito, the Gorgias, the Laws, the Republic, and the Statesman. Further, there are many questions of political philosophy that Plato discusses in his dialogues. These topics include, among others: (1) the ultimate ends of the city’s laws and institutions; (2) who should rule, the forms of constitution, and their ranking; (3) what institutions and offices there should be; (4) the nature and extent of citizens’ obligation to obey the laws; (5) the proper criterion of citizenship; (6) the political and social status of women; (7) the purposes of punishment; (8) private property; and (9) slavery. This chapter attempts to provide an overall picture of Plato’s political philosophy, focusing on three moments: the “Socratic” dialogues, including the Apology and the Crito; the great middle-period work, the Republic, along with the Phaedo; and finally, two works from Plato’s last period, the Statesman and the Laws.

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The Audacity of a Middle Period: An Introduction

CLA Journal ◽

10.1353/caj.2017.0010 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 392-398

Author(s):

Michael Hill ◽

Jessica Welburn Paige ◽

Deborah Whaley

Keyword(s):

Middle Period

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Scribal elites in Sultanate and Mughal Bengal

The Indian Economic & Social History Review ◽

10.1177/001946461004700402 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 47 (4) ◽

pp. 445-472 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Kumkum Chatterjee

Keyword(s):

Social Geography ◽

Political Regimes ◽

Bengali Literature ◽

Modern Period ◽

The Social ◽

Cultural Implications ◽

Middle Period

This article studies the importance of scribal skills in sustaining political regimes and the function of scribal careers in shaping and creating social and ritual status with particular reference to Bengal from the thirteenth till the eighteenth centuries. Based on histories of landed families, middle period Bengali literature and the large genealogical corpus (kulagranthas) of this region, the article surveys the social geography of literate–scribal communities and their long association with a number of Indo–Islamic regimes which ruled over Bengal during these centuries. The article explores the social and cultural implications of scribal careers as well as the educational and linguistic proficiencies which undergirded them. Finally, the article notes the role played by polities in regulating jati hierarchies and boundaries and comments on its implications for the period studied here as also for the colonial/modern period.

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Crime and Punishment in Islamic History (Early to Middle Period): A Framework for Analysis

Religion Compass ◽

10.1111/j.1749-8171.2010.00246.x ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 4 (11) ◽

pp. 694-706 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Christian Lange

Keyword(s):

Islamic History ◽

Crime And Punishment ◽

Middle Period

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The investigation on the middle period dephosphorization in 70t converter

High Temperature Materials and Processes ◽

10.1515/htmp-2020-0094 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 567-575

Author(s):

Deng Nanyang ◽

Wang Haijun ◽

Ling Haitao ◽

Wang Jianjun

Keyword(s):

Theoretical Calculation ◽

Experimental Test ◽

Limiting Factor ◽

Molten Bath ◽

Large Margin ◽

Test Conditions ◽

Middle Period ◽

Slag Conditions ◽

Dephosphorization Rate ◽

Lance Position

AbstractAn experimental test is carried out on the 70t converter in Masteel to study the law of middle period dephosphorization in the smelting period. It is found that the dephosphorization rate is slow in the early and middle period of smelting and the content of the final P in steel cannot reach the standard due to the low oxidation of slag. The content of the final P in steel can be controlled within 0.02% by adding ore to the molten bath in the middle period and raising the lance position. The experimental test shows that the dephosphorization can still be achieved by a large margin if appropriate slag conditions are maintained in the middle period when the C and O reactions are strong. By theoretical calculation, it is concluded that the slag content should be controlled between 15 and 23%, and the basicity of slag should be between 2.5 and 2.8 in the middle period of production. Through the observation of experimental slag by SEM, it is found that the limiting factor of dephosphorization in the middle period under the test conditions is that the dephosphorization speed is too slow due to the low oxidation, rather than the solidification of phosphorus.

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