scholarly journals Age estimation for Asian Cymbidium (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae) with implementation of fossil data calibration using molecular markers (ITS2 & matK) implying phylogeographic inference

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devendra K Biswal ◽  
Jean V Marbaniang ◽  
Pramod Tandon
Keyword(s):  
Land Plants ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Plant Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bayesian Relaxed Clock ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Fossil Data ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time

Abstract: Intercontinental dislocations between tropical regions harboring two-thirds of the flowering plants have always drawn attention from taxonomists and bio-geographers. The focus had always been on woody land plants rather than on herbs. Orchidaceae is one such family belonging to angiosperms, with an herbaceous habit and high species diversity in the tropics. Here, we investigate the evolutionary and bio-geographical history of the genus Cymbidium, which represents a monophyletic subfamily (Epidendroideae) of the orchids and comprises 50 odd species that are disjunctly distributed in tropical to temperate regions. A relatively well-resolved and highly supported phylogeny of Cymbidiums was reconstructed based on sequence analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) regions and maturaseK (matK) from the chloroplast region available on the public domain in GenBank at NCBI. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is one of the photosynthetic pathways regarded as adaptation to water stress in land plants. Hardly any information exists on correlations among the level of CAM activity, habitat, life form, and phylogenetic relationship of a plant group from an evolutionary perspective. This study examines a genus level analyses by integrating ITS and matK data to all fossil data available on orchids in a molecular Bayesian relaxed clock employed in BEAST and assessed divergence times for the genus Cymbidium with a focus on evolutionary plasticity of photosynthetic characters. Our study has enabled age estimations for the genus Cymbidum (12Ma) for the first time using BEAST by addition of previously analyzed two internal calibration points.

scholarly journals Age estimation for Asian Cymbidium (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae) with implementation of fossil data calibration using molecular markers (ITS2 & matK) implying phylogeographic inference

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devendra K Biswal ◽  
Jean V Marbaniang ◽  
Pramod Tandon
Keyword(s):  
Land Plants ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
The Public ◽  
Plant Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Bayesian Relaxed Clock ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Fossil Data ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time

Abstract: Intercontinental dislocations between tropical regions harboring two-thirds of the flowering plants have always drawn attention from taxonomists and bio-geographers. The focus had always been on woody land plants rather than on herbs. Orchidaceae is one such family belonging to angiosperms, with an herbaceous habit and high species diversity in the tropics. Here, we investigate the evolutionary and bio-geographical history of the genus Cymbidium, which represents a monophyletic subfamily (Epidendroideae) of the orchids and comprises 50 odd species that are disjunctly distributed in tropical to temperate regions. A relatively well-resolved and highly supported phylogeny of Cymbidiums was reconstructed based on sequence analyses of internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) regions and maturaseK (matK) from the chloroplast region available on the public domain in GenBank at NCBI. Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is one of the photosynthetic pathways regarded as adaptation to water stress in land plants. Hardly any information exists on correlations among the level of CAM activity, habitat, life form, and phylogenetic relationship of a plant group from an evolutionary perspective. This study examines a genus level analyses by integrating ITS and matK data to all fossil data available on orchids in a molecular Bayesian relaxed clock employed in BEAST and assessed divergence times for the genus Cymbidium with a focus on evolutionary plasticity of photosynthetic characters. Our study has enabled age estimations for the genus Cymbidum (12Ma) for the first time using BEAST by addition of previously analyzed two internal calibration points.

Age estimation for the genus Cymbidium (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae) with implementation of fossil data calibration using molecular markers (ITS2 & matK) and phylogeographic inference from ancestral area reconstruction

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (06) ◽  
pp. 1660001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruchishree Konhar ◽  
Manish Debnath ◽  
Jean Valrie Marbaniang ◽  
Devendra Kumar Biswal ◽  
Pramod Tandon
Keyword(s):  
Life Forms ◽  
Ancestral Area ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Ancestral Area Reconstruction ◽  
History Of ◽  
Public Repositories ◽  
Bayesian Relaxed Clock ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Fossil Data ◽  
Relaxed Clock

Intercontinental dislocations between tropical regions harboring two-thirds of the flowering plants have always drawn attention from taxonomists and biogeographers. One such family belonging to angiosperms is Orchidaceae with an herbaceous habit and high species diversity in the tropics. Here, we investigate the evolutionary and biogeographical history of the genus Cymbidium, which represents a monophyletic subfamily (Epidendroideae) of the orchids and comprises 50 odd species that are distinctly distributed in tropical to temperate regions. Much is not known about correlations among the level of CAM activity (one of the photosynthetic pathways often regarded as an adaptation to water stress in land plants), habitat, life forms, and phylogenetic relationships of orchids from an evolutionary perspective. A relatively well-resolved and highly supported phylogeny for Cymbidium orchids is reconstructed based on sequence analysis of ITS2 and matK regions from the chloroplast DNA available in public repositories viz. GenBank at NCBI. This study examines a genus level analysis by integrating different molecular matrices to existing fossil data on orchids in a molecular Bayesian relaxed clock employed in BEAST and assessed divergence times for the genus Cymbidium with a focus on evolutionary history of photosynthetic characters. Our study has enabled age estimations (45Ma) as well as ancestral area reconstruction for the genus Cymbidium using BEAST by addition of previously analyzed two internal calibration points.

The 1912 Duma Elections: The State, the Opposition and the Clergy

Orthodoxia ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
F. A. Gayda
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Election Campaign ◽  
Difficult Situation ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Church

This article deals with the political situation around the elections to the State Duma of the Russian Empire in 1912 (4th convocation). The main actors of the campaign were the government, local administration, liberal opposition and the clergy of the Orthodox Russian Church. After the 1905 revolution, the “official Church” found itself in a difficult situation. In particular, anti-Church criticism intensified sharply and was expressed now quite openly, both in the press and from the rostrum of the Duma. A consequence of these circumstances was that in this Duma campaign, for the first time in the history of Russian parliamentarianism, “administrative resources” were widely used. At the same time, the authorities failed to achieve their political objectives. The Russian clergy became actively involved in the election campaign. The government sought to use the conflict between the liberal majority in the third Duma and the clerical hierarchy. Duma members launched an active criticism of the Orthodox clergy, using Grigory Rasputin as an excuse. Even staunch conservatives spoke negatively about Rasputin. According to the results of the election campaign, the opposition was even more active in using the label “Rasputinians” against the Holy Synod and the Russian episcopate. Forty-seven persons of clerical rank were elected to the House — three fewer than in the previous Duma. As a result, the assembly of the clergy elected to the Duma decided not to form its own group, but to spread out among the factions. An active campaign in Parliament and the press not only created a certain public mood, but also provoked a political split and polarization within the clergy. The clergy themselves were generally inclined to blame the state authorities for the public isolation of the Church. The Duma election of 1912 seriously affected the attitude of the opposition and the public toward the bishopric after the February revolution of 1917.

scholarly journals HOW TO SABOTAGE A SECRET SOCIETY: THE DEMISE OF CARL FRIEDRICH BAHRDT'S GERMAN UNION IN 1789

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-402
Author(s):  
ANDREW MCKENZIE-MCHARG
Keyword(s):  
Secret Society ◽  
Republic Of Letters ◽  
The Public ◽  
The North ◽  
State And Society ◽  
German Republic ◽  
The Status ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn 1789 in Leipzig, a slim pamphlet of 128 pages appeared that sent shock waves through the German republic of letters. The pamphlet, bearing the title Mehr Noten als Text (More notes than text), was an ‘exposure’ whose most sensational element was a list naming numerous members of the North German intelligentsia as initiates of a secret society. This secret society, known as the German Union, aimed to push back against anti-Enlightenment tendencies most obviously manifest in the policies promulgated under the new Prussian king Frederick William II. The German Union was the brainchild of the notorious theologian Carl Friedrich Bahrdt (1741–92). But who was responsible for the ‘exposure’? Using material culled from several archives, this article pieces together for the first time the back story to Mehr Noten als Text and in doing so uncovers a surprisingly heterogeneous network of Freemasons, publishers, and state officials. The findings prompt us to reconsider general questions about the relationship of state and society in the late Enlightenment, the interplay of the public and the arcane spheres and the status of religious heterodoxy at this time.

The Work of Testimony in the Age of Decolonization: Chronicle of a Summer, Cinema Verité, and the Emergence of the Holocaust Survivor

PMLA ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 119 (5) ◽  
pp. 1231-1246
Author(s):  
Michael Rothberg
Keyword(s):  
Turning Point ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Holocaust Survivor ◽  
Algerian War ◽  
The Public ◽  
Holocaust Memory ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
First Time

The trial of Adolf Eichmann, in 1961, is generally considered a turning point in the history of Holocaust memory because it brought the Holocaust into the public sphere for the first time as a discrete event on an international scale. In the same year, Jean Rouch and Edgar Morin's film Chronicle of a Summer appeared in France. While absent from scholarship on memory of the Nazi genocide for over forty years, Chronicle of a Summer contains a scene of Holocaust testimony that suggests the need to look beyond the Eichmann trial for alternative articulations of public Holocaust remembrance. This essay considers the juxtaposition in Chronicle of a Summer of Holocaust memory and the history of decolonization in order to rethink the “unique” place that the Holocaust has come to hold in discourses on extreme violence. The essay argues that a discourse of truth and testimony arose in French resistance to the Algerian war that shaped and was shaped by memory of the Nazi genocide.

scholarly journals Saratov citizens’ attitude towards prostitution as a form of deviant behavior at the turn of XIX–XX centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
Askar А. Akhmetov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
Social History ◽  
Deviant Behavior ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Social Evil ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Time

The article examines the attitude of various segments of the population of Saratov to prostitution at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries. Despite the heterogeneity of the Russian society, the stereotype of prostitution as a shameful occupation and social evil, which had been established for centuries, was maintained in the public consciousness. Within the framework of the methodological concept of social history and the history of everyday life, the attitude of various categories of citizens and local authorities to this social deviation is considered. The article is based on archival materials that are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

scholarly journals “About a Symbol”: Genesis and Parallels. Article Two. Dostoevsky as a Symbolist

2021 ◽  
pp. 238-259
Author(s):  
Anna I. Reznichenko
Keyword(s):  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Ontological Status ◽  
200Th Anniversary ◽  
History Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

The article is devoted to the literary and philosophical origins of Sergei Durylin’s report “On a Symbol in Dostoevsky” (the report was read in 1926 at a meeting of the Commission for the Study of Dostoevsky at the Literary Section of GAKhN). The history of the report in the context of the Literary Section is considered. Аbstracts and debates on the report are published for the first time. The relationship of Durylin’s ideas with the complex of Dostoevsky’s interpretations, developed by both the Symbolists (G.I. Chulkov) and Russian religious philosophers (P.A. Florensky, A.F. Losev) is shown. Both the report “On a Symbol in Dostoevsky’s” and the subsequent report “Landscape in Dostoevsky’s” are devoted to an anthropological and Christological story, connected with the symbolism of the setting sun, the symbolism of “oblique rays”, and its embodiment in Dostoevsky’s novels. Both texts are a continuation and a development of the same theme. A landscape is an artist’s mapping of nature, the created world; interiors are the artist’s image of the anthropomorphic world, the human space. The ontological symbol receives its sociocultural projection: a landscape or an interior. The problem of the relationship between the mapping/image and the object of the image, the problem of the ontological status of reality and its embodiment in the artistic/mythopoetic language, reflected in the report, corresponded to the focus of GAKhN on the development of a new “language of things” and a new concept of the humanitarian knowledge. The article is timed to coincide with the 200th anniversary of F.M. Dostoevsky, the 135th anniversary of S.N. Durylin, and the 100th anniversary of GAKhN.

scholarly journals THE FIRST OPERA OF THE TURKISH WORLD "LEYLI AND MAJNUN’’

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 305-320
Author(s):  
Ömer TÜRKMENOĞLU ◽  
Zümra AZİZOĞLU
Keyword(s):  
Folk Music ◽  
Western Music ◽  
Tonal Structure ◽  
Music And Literature ◽  
The Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Many Sources ◽  
First Time ◽  
The City

The Turkish world's opera history gave its first example in 1908 with the opera "Leyli and Majnun" by Azerbaijani composer Üzeyir Hacıbeyli. According to many sources, "Leyli and Majnun" is described as the first opera of the Turkish world and the Islamic world, and the east. The most important feature of this opera is the masterful synthesis of classical western music and folk music. The opera, which was composed for the first time in this way, influenced the east with its staging and ensured that the art of opera was adopted by the public. The great composer Uzeyir Hajibeyli was born in the city of Shusha in Azerbaijan, which was developed in the field of literature and music and called the "natural conservatory." He developed his existing talent here and built it on solid foundations. He was interested in music and literature, wrote many books, articles, and was a writer for newspapers. The subject of the opera Leyli and Majnun is taken from Fuzuli's "Leyli and Majnun" poetry of the same name. At the age of 13, the composer decided to write this opera, influenced by the theater show "At the tomb of Majnun Leyli'' which he watched in Shusha, his home city. He started working on opera in 1907 when he was only 22 years old. By bringing a different perspective to opera, he used the tonal structure of western music with 'mugham,' also known as Azerbaijani folk music. This type of opera is also called "Mugam Opera.'' The opera, which was composed and performed despite the conditions of the period, preserved its originality by combining two cultures and was performed many times in other countries. Operas from the Turkish world are rarely staged in our country, and there is a need for such an article because the opera "Leyli and Majnun" has not been staged much in Turkey and there are very few theses, articles, and books about it. In this study; Different titles have been created such as the history of Azerbaijan opera, the life of Uzeyir Hajibeyli, the composer's process of creating the opera, and the content of the opera Leyli and Majnun. Keywords: Leyli and Majnun, Uzeyir Hajibeyli, Turkish World, Opera

scholarly journals A Laurasian origin for a pantropical bird radiation is supported by genomic and fossil data (Aves: Coraciiformes)

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1910) ◽  
pp. 20190122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenna M. McCullough ◽  
Robert G. Moyle ◽  
Brian T. Smith ◽  
Michael J. Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Species Tree ◽  
Old World ◽  
Avian Order ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Fossil Data ◽  
Old World Tropics ◽  
New Framework

The evolution of pantropically distributed clades has puzzled palaeo- and neontologists for decades regarding the different hypotheses about where they originated. In this study, we explored how a pantropical distribution arose in a diverse clade with a rich fossil history: the avian order Coraciiformes. This group has played a central role in the debate of the biogeographical history of Neoaves. However, the order lacked a coherent species tree to inform study of its evolutionary dynamics. Here, we present the first complete species tree of Coraciiformes, produced with 4858 ultraconserved elements, which supports two clades: (1) Old World-restricted bee-eaters, rollers and ground-rollers; and (2) New World todies and motmots, and cosmopolitan kingfishers. Our results indicated two pulses of diversification: (1) major lineages of Coraciiformes arose in Laurasia approximately 57 Ma, followed by independent dispersals into equatorial regions, possibly due to tracking tropical habitat into the lower latitudes—the Coracii (Coraciidae + Brachypteraciidae) into the Afrotropics, bee-eaters throughout the Old World tropics, and kingfishers into the Australasian tropics; and (2) diversification of genera in the tropics during the Miocene and Pliocene. Our study supports the important role of Laurasia as the geographical origin of a major pantropical lineage and provides a new framework for comparative analyses in this charismatic bird radiation.

Community Prosecution and Building Trust Across a Racial Divide

2021 ◽  
pp. 412-428
Author(s):  
Ronald F. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
The Public ◽  
Use Of Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
Data Transparency ◽  
Racial Divide ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Criminal Courtroom

Community prosecution seeks input from local groups to shape the priorities of the prosecutor’s office. Prosecutors who listen to the community aim to develop a relationship of trust between the community and the local prosecutor’s office; such outreach is especially valuable in connection with racial minority groups with a history of negative experiences with criminal justice actors. A community prosecution strategy calls for the office to work with community partners both upstream and downstream from the criminal courtroom. The upstream efforts involve diversion of defendants out of criminal proceedings and into treatment and accountability programs outside the courts. Downstream efforts include programs to promote the smooth re-entry of people returning to the community after serving a criminal sentence. Community prosecution is best accomplished in offices committed to collection and use of data, transparency, and accountability to the public.

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