scholarly journals Arenysaurus ardevoli, first paleoneuroanatomical description of a European hadrosaurid

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penélope Cruzado-Caballero ◽  
Josep Fortuny ◽  
Sergio Llacer ◽  
José Ignacio JI Canudo
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Cerebral Hemisphere ◽  
3D Model ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Ontogenetic Stage ◽  
And Behavior

The neuroanatomy of hadrosaurid dinosaurs is well known from North America and Asia. In Europe only a few cranial remains have been recovered with the braincase. Arenysaurus is the first European endocast for which the paleoneuroanatomy has been studied. The resulting data have enabled us to draw ontogenetic, phylogenetic and functional inferences. Arenysaurus preserves the endocast and the inner ear. This cranial material was CT-scanned, and a 3D-model was generated. The endocast morphology supports a general pattern for hadrosaurids with some characters that distinguish to a subfamily level, such as a brain cavity anteroposteriorly shorter or the angle of the major axis of the cerebral hemisphere to the horizontal in lambeosaurines. Both characters are present in the endocast of Arenysaurus. Moreover, osteological features indicate an adult ontogenetic stage while some paleoneuroanatomical features are indicative of a subadult ontogenetic stage and even a juvenile ontogenetic stage. Finally, a comparison with other hadrosaurids reveals that the low values for the angle of the dural peak may be an autapomorphy exclusive to the Parasaurolophus genus. It is hypothesized that the presence of puzzling characters that suggest different ontogenetic stages for this specimen, may reflect some degree of dwarfism in Arenysaurus. Regarding the inner ear, its structure shows differences from the ornithopod clade with respect to the height of the semicircular canals. These differences could lead to a decrease in the compensatory movements of eyes and head, with important implications for the paleobiology and behavior of hadrosaurid taxa such as Edmontosaurus, Parasaurolophus and Arenysaurus. These differences in the vestibular system could be used as a phylogenetical signal. The endocranial morphology of European hadrosaurids sheds new light on the evolution of this group and may reflect the conditions in the archipelago where these animals lived during the Late Cretaceous.

scholarly journals Arenysaurus ardevoli, first paleoneuroanatomical description of a European hadrosaurid

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penélope Cruzado-Caballero ◽  
Josep Fortuny ◽  
Sergio Llacer ◽  
José Ignacio JI Canudo
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Cerebral Hemisphere ◽  
3D Model ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Major Axis ◽  
Ontogenetic Stage ◽  
And Behavior

The neuroanatomy of hadrosaurid dinosaurs is well known from North America and Asia. In Europe only a few cranial remains have been recovered with the braincase. Arenysaurus is the first European endocast for which the paleoneuroanatomy has been studied. The resulting data have enabled us to draw ontogenetic, phylogenetic and functional inferences. Arenysaurus preserves the endocast and the inner ear. This cranial material was CT-scanned, and a 3D-model was generated. The endocast morphology supports a general pattern for hadrosaurids with some characters that distinguish to a subfamily level, such as a brain cavity anteroposteriorly shorter or the angle of the major axis of the cerebral hemisphere to the horizontal in lambeosaurines. Both characters are present in the endocast of Arenysaurus. Moreover, osteological features indicate an adult ontogenetic stage while some paleoneuroanatomical features are indicative of a subadult ontogenetic stage and even a juvenile ontogenetic stage. Finally, a comparison with other hadrosaurids reveals that the low values for the angle of the dural peak may be an autapomorphy exclusive to the Parasaurolophus genus. It is hypothesized that the presence of puzzling characters that suggest different ontogenetic stages for this specimen, may reflect some degree of dwarfism in Arenysaurus. Regarding the inner ear, its structure shows differences from the ornithopod clade with respect to the height of the semicircular canals. These differences could lead to a decrease in the compensatory movements of eyes and head, with important implications for the paleobiology and behavior of hadrosaurid taxa such as Edmontosaurus, Parasaurolophus and Arenysaurus. These differences in the vestibular system could be used as a phylogenetical signal. The endocranial morphology of European hadrosaurids sheds new light on the evolution of this group and may reflect the conditions in the archipelago where these animals lived during the Late Cretaceous.

Volumetric Rendering of Human Inner Ear by MR Imaging

2008 ◽  
Vol 139 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. P103-P103
Author(s):  
Jen-Fang Yu ◽  
Wei-Chung Chin ◽  
Che-Ming Wu ◽  
Shu-Hang Ng
Keyword(s):  
Mr Imaging ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Vestibular Aqueduct ◽  
3D Geometry ◽  
Large Vestibular Aqueduct Syndrome ◽  
Volumetric Rendering ◽  
Human Inner Ear

Problem To non-invasively measure in-vivo human inner ear by MRI and measure the geometry of vestibule by the reconstructed 3D model of inner ear for further diagnosis of large vestibular aqueduct syndrome (LVAS). Methods 3-T MR scanner, MAGNETOM Trio made by Siemens, was utilized. The TR/TE for MR imaging of 7 patients was 5.65/2.6 ms and the voxel size was 0.5 mm X 0.5 mm X 0.5 mm for single slice of 48 slices. The configuration of semicircular canals, vestibule and cochlea could be detected by threshold. The 3D geometry of inner ear was then computed based on the thickness of slice. Results The surface area and volume of semicircular canals for 7 normal ears were 217.85 square mm and 63.56 cubic mm; of vestibule were 105.88 square mm and 56.36 cubic mm; of cochlea were 171.84 square mm and 81.29 cubic mm respectively. The variation of volumes of vestibule and cochlea could be quantified non-invasively. The correlation between the volume and the level of LVAS will be analyzed once the number of volunteer reaches a statistically significant level. Conclusion The variation for the geometry of vestibule could be measured non-invasively. The grade of LVAS can be assessed by the obtained 3D model of semi-circular canal, vestibule and cochlea. Significance According to the 3D model, the geometry of inner ear can be measured, and the syndrome can be revealed directly to help clinical diagnosis of LVAS more accurately.

NOVEL INSECT HERBIVORY FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF WESTERN NORTH AMERICA

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Augusta Maccracken ◽  
◽  
Ian M. Miller ◽  
Conrad C. Labandeira
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Insect Herbivory ◽  
Western North America

scholarly journals Gene therapy via canalostomy approach preserves auditory and vestibular functions in a mouse model of Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome type 2

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuewen Wu ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Yihui Li ◽  
Wenjuan Zhang ◽  
Jianjun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Viral Vectors ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Syndrome Type ◽  
Dose Dependent

AbstractMutations in voltage-gated potassium channel KCNE1 cause Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome type 2 (JLNS2), resulting in congenital deafness and vestibular dysfunction. We conducted gene therapy by injecting viral vectors using the canalostomy approach in Kcne1−/− mice to treat both the hearing and vestibular symptoms. Results showed early treatment prevented collapse of the Reissner’s membrane and vestibular wall, retained the normal size of the semicircular canals, and prevented the degeneration of inner ear cells. In a dose-dependent manner, the treatment preserved auditory (16 out of 20 mice) and vestibular (20/20) functions in mice treated with the high-dosage for at least five months. In the low-dosage group, a subgroup of mice (13/20) showed improvements only in the vestibular functions. Results supported that highly efficient transduction is one of the key factors for achieving the efficacy and maintaining the long-term therapeutic effect. Secondary outcomes of treatment included improved birth and litter survival rates. Our results demonstrated that gene therapy via the canalostomy approach, which has been considered to be one of the more feasible delivery methods for human inner ear gene therapy, preserved auditory and vestibular functions in a dose-dependent manner in a mouse model of JLNS2.

Life History and Behavior of the Bramble Leafhopper, Ribautiana tenerrima (H.-S.) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

1960 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Raine
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
North America ◽  
Vancouver Island ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Lower Fraser Valley ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Fraser Valley

Since 1947, when the bramble leafhopper, Ribautiana tenerrima (H.-S.) (rubi Hardy, misella 13011.), was first reported in North America near Victoria, B.C., it has become a serious pest in cane fruit plantings on southern Vancouver Island and the lower Fraser Valley. Hoth nymphs and adults suck the sap from the leaves, producing a white stippling on the upper surfaces (Fig. 1). In a dry season a severe infestation causes many leaves to become curled and appear burned. The canes lack vigor and the size of the fruit is reduced. This is a report on a study of the life history and behavior of the species conducted at Victoria from 1953 to 1957.

An early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) sturgeon (Acipenseriformes) from the Dunvegan Formation, northwestern Alberta, Canada

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (7) ◽  
pp. 677-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Vavrek ◽  
Alison M. Murray ◽  
Phil R. Bell
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Late Cretaceous ◽  
Recent Survey ◽  
Peace River ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Early Late

A recent survey of the middle Cenomanian Dunvegan Formation along the Peace River, Alberta, has yielded a partial skull of a large acipenseriform fish. The fossil was from an animal approximately 5 m in length, based on comparisons with living relatives. Though incomplete, this represents an important record of mid-Cretaceous fish from northern North America, as formations of this age are virtually unexplored in northern regions. This fossil is the oldest acipenserid from North America, and one of the most northerly known.

scholarly journals Description of New American Carduelis/Spinus Bird Species in La Paz (Bolivia): C./S. lapazensis.

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-33
Author(s):  
Antonio Arnaiz-Villena ◽  
Valentín Ruiz-del-Valle ◽  
Fabio Suarez-Trujillo ◽  
Adrian Lopez-Nares ◽  
Alvaro Callado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
North America ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
South American ◽  
Cyt B ◽  
Species Definition ◽  
La Paz ◽  
Evolutionary Radiation ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
A New Species

Introduction: South American siskins (Genus Carduelis/Spinus) are the outcome of regional evolutionary radiation from an extant (or other extinct) species: C. notata, a North America siskin, which thrives in Mexico subtropical areas and is parental of one of the three described North American siskin radiations. Methods: Speciation and/or subspeciation of this South American siskin radiation have probably occurred during Pleistocene Epoch. In the present paper, a new species/subspecies akin to C./S. atrata is described by genetic and phenotypic parameters: this new species/subspecies was previously considered a subspecies of C./S. xanthogastra, which thrives further North and is separated about 1,762 km, 1,094 miles, from this described subspecies, Carduelis/ Spinus xanthogastra stejnegeri. Results: Our genetic study using mt cyt b, phenotypic and behavior observations show that this putative C./S. xanthogastra subspecies is either a different species or a C./S. atrata subspecies; we have proposed a provisional name for this finch, C./S. lapazensis, instead of C./S. x. stejnegeri. Conclusion: Species definition is movable and controversial, and it is uncertain in South American siskins, which all show a close genetic and phenotypical relationship, which may be still immersed in speciation processes since Pleistocene Epoch.

scholarly journals A biodiversity hotspot for Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) in North America: annotated species checklist for Ottawa, Canada

ZooKeys ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 633 ◽  
pp. 1-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Fernandez-Triana ◽  
Caroline Boudreault ◽  
Joel Buffam ◽  
Ronald Maclean
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Early Fall ◽  
Two Peaks ◽  
Annotated Checklist ◽  
First Time

Microgastrinae wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from the city of Ottawa and its surroundings (a 50-km radius circle, ~7,800 km2) were studied based on 1,928 specimens collected between 1894 and 2010, and housed in the Canadian National Collection of Insects. A total of 158 species from 21 genera were identified, which is by far the highest number of species ever recorded for a locality in North America. An annotated checklist of species is provided.Choerasparasitellae(Bouché, 1834) andPholetesornanus(Reinhard, 1880) are recorded for the first time in the Nearctic (previously only known from the Palearctic region),Cotesiadepressa(Viereck, 1912) is recorded for the first time in Canada (previously only known from the United States), andCotesiahemileucae(Riley, 1881) andProtapantelesphlyctaeniae(Muesebeck, 1929) are recorded for the first time in the province of Ontario. In Ottawa the most diverse genera areCotesia,Apanteles,Microplitis,Pholetesor,Microgaster, andDolichogenidea, altogether comprising 77% of the species found in the area. A total of 73 species (46%) were represented by only one or two specimens, suggesting that the inventory for Ottawa is still relatively incomplete. Seasonal distribution showed several peaks of activity, in spring, summer, and early fall. That general pattern varied for individual species, with some showing a single peak of abundance either in the summer or towards the end of the season, others species attaining two peaks, in late spring and late summer, or in early summer and early fall, and yet others attaining up to three different peaks, in spring, summer and fall. At least 72 of the Microgastrinae species from Ottawa have been previously associated with 554 species of Lepidoptera as hosts – but those historical literature records are not always reliable and in many cases are based on data from areas beyond Ottawa. Thus, our knowledge of the associations between the 158 species of microgastrine parasitoids and the caterpillars of the 2,064 species of Lepidoptera recorded from Ottawa is still very incomplete.

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