scholarly journals Ontogeny of long-range vocalizations in a Neotropical fossorial rodent: the Anillaco Tuco-Tuco (Ctenomys sp.)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Amaya ◽  
Juan Ignacio Areta
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Vocal Learning ◽  
Motor Program ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Subterranean Rodents ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Long Distance

Adult vocalizations can develop following three alternative modes; by retention of juvenile vocalizations, through the modification of juvenile precursors or by a de novo appearance in adults. Vocalizations that develop from juvenile precursors may develop following two pathways; vocal learning (implying the ability of juveniles to modify their vocalizations based on an external auditory input) and/or vocal tract maturation (involving the improvement of the capacity of juveniles to generate progressively more adult-like vocalizations by the tuning of an innate motor program). The emission of adult vocalizations requires the synchronization of neuromuscular and anatomical structures, and the lack of maturation and/or precise coupling between them would lead to the production of abnormal vocalizations. Tuco-tucos (Ctenomys spp.) are subterranean rodents that produce territorial, high intensity long-range vocalizations (LRVs) of, broadband and low frequency that are essential for long-distance communication between individuals in different tunnel systems. Despite their importance, the developmental modes, pathways and developmental sequences of LRVs remain poorly understood. In adult Anillaco Tuco-Tucos (Ctenomys sp.) the LRV is composed by two types of syllables (series and individual notes) that are repeated a variable number of times. We studied the development of the LRV in 8 juveniles of the Anillaco Tuco-Tuco ranging from 14 to 108 days after birth. The LRV exhibited a mixed developmental mode: while series developed from juvenile precursors whose acoustic features gradually approached those of adults, individual notes appeared later in the ontogeny and de novo, with acoustic features undistinguishable from those of adults. Vocalizations became progressively longer, but the series types shown by adults were evident in juveniles at an early age. All three acoustic features of series (triad) notes studied correlated with age in both sexes (duration 90% increased through development, while bandwidth 90% and peak frequency decreased). LRV developed normally in juveniles acoustically isolated from adults, supporting the vocal tract maturation hypothesis and possibly rejecting the vocal learning hypothesis. Juveniles emmitted a higher proportion (7.4%) of abnormal vocalizations than adults (0.3%), as expected in the development of any complex behavior that requires practice to be mastered. The maturation of the LRV occurred well before the sexual maturation, presumably due to the protracted time needed to acquire or build a burrow system long before mating is possible. We propose that protracted vocal development is another component in the slow developmental strategy of Ctenomys and subterranean rodents in general.

scholarly journals Ontogeny of long-range vocalizations in a Neotropical fossorial rodent: the Anillaco Tuco-Tuco (Ctenomys sp.)

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Amaya ◽  
Juan Ignacio Areta
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Vocal Tract ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Vocal Learning ◽  
Motor Program ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Subterranean Rodents ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Long Distance

Adult vocalizations can develop following three alternative modes; by retention of juvenile vocalizations, through the modification of juvenile precursors or by a de novo appearance in adults. Vocalizations that develop from juvenile precursors may develop following two pathways; vocal learning (implying the ability of juveniles to modify their vocalizations based on an external auditory input) and/or vocal tract maturation (involving the improvement of the capacity of juveniles to generate progressively more adult-like vocalizations by the tuning of an innate motor program). The emission of adult vocalizations requires the synchronization of neuromuscular and anatomical structures, and the lack of maturation and/or precise coupling between them would lead to the production of abnormal vocalizations. Tuco-tucos (Ctenomys spp.) are subterranean rodents that produce territorial, high intensity long-range vocalizations (LRVs) of, broadband and low frequency that are essential for long-distance communication between individuals in different tunnel systems. Despite their importance, the developmental modes, pathways and developmental sequences of LRVs remain poorly understood. In adult Anillaco Tuco-Tucos (Ctenomys sp.) the LRV is composed by two types of syllables (series and individual notes) that are repeated a variable number of times. We studied the development of the LRV in 8 juveniles of the Anillaco Tuco-Tuco ranging from 14 to 108 days after birth. The LRV exhibited a mixed developmental mode: while series developed from juvenile precursors whose acoustic features gradually approached those of adults, individual notes appeared later in the ontogeny and de novo, with acoustic features undistinguishable from those of adults. Vocalizations became progressively longer, but the series types shown by adults were evident in juveniles at an early age. All three acoustic features of series (triad) notes studied correlated with age in both sexes (duration 90% increased through development, while bandwidth 90% and peak frequency decreased). LRV developed normally in juveniles acoustically isolated from adults, supporting the vocal tract maturation hypothesis and possibly rejecting the vocal learning hypothesis. Juveniles emmitted a higher proportion (7.4%) of abnormal vocalizations than adults (0.3%), as expected in the development of any complex behavior that requires practice to be mastered. The maturation of the LRV occurred well before the sexual maturation, presumably due to the protracted time needed to acquire or build a burrow system long before mating is possible. We propose that protracted vocal development is another component in the slow developmental strategy of Ctenomys and subterranean rodents in general.

scholarly journals Ontogeny of long-range vocalizations in a Neotropical fossorial rodent: the Anillaco Tuco-Tuco (Ctenomys sp.)

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4334
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Amaya ◽  
Juan Ignacio Areta
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Variable Number ◽  
Subterranean Rodents ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Ontogenetic Changes ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Series Type

Tuco-tucos (Ctenomys spp.) are subterranean rodents that produce territorial, high intensity long-range vocalizations (LRVs) of broadband and low frequency that are essential for long-distance communication between individuals in different tunnel systems. Despite their importance, the development of LRVs remains poorly understood. In adult Anillaco Tuco-Tucos (Ctenomys sp.) the LRV is composed by two types of syllables (series and individual notes) that are repeated a variable number of times. We studied the development of the LRVs in eight juveniles of the Anillaco Tuco-Tuco ranging from 14–28 to 104–118 days after birth. We (1) tested whether the syllables followed any of three alternative developmental modes (retention of juvenile vocalizations, modification of juvenile precursors or de novo appearance in adults), (2) evaluated the development of structural and acoustic features of syllables, and (3) tested the prediction that juveniles should produce a greater proportion of atypical series in precursors of the LRV than adults, due to lack maturation and/or precise coupling of neuromuscular and anatomical structures. The LRV of the Anillaco Tuco-Tuco exhibited a mixed developmental mode: while series developed from juvenile precursors whose acoustic features gradually approached those of adults, individual notes appeared later in the ontogeny and de novo with acoustic features indistinguishable from those of adults. The number of series per vocalization increased through development and varied from one to 25 in juvenile males and from one to six in juvenile females. The structure of the most common series type (triad) did not exhibit ontogenetic changes and was present as such at the onset of the emission of vocalizations. On the contrary, acoustic features of juvenile triad notes changed with age in both sexes (duration 90% increased through development, while bandwidth 90% and peak frequency decreased). Furthermore, juveniles emitted a higher proportion of atypical series than adults (7.4% vs. 0.3%), as expected in the development of any complex behavior that requires practice to be mastered. The maturation of the LRV occurred well before the sexual maturation, presumably due to the protracted time needed to acquire or build a burrow system long before mating is possible. We propose that protracted vocal development is another component in the slow developmental strategy of Ctenomys and subterranean rodents in general.

scholarly journals Form and function of long-range vocalizations in a Neotropical fossorial rodent: the Anillaco Tuco-Tuco (Ctenomyssp.)

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e2559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Pablo Amaya ◽  
Juan I. Areta ◽  
Veronica S. Valentinuzzi ◽  
Emmanuel Zufiaurre
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Vocal Communication ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Subterranean Rodents ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Types Of Information

The underground environment poses particular communication challenges for subterranean rodents. Some loud and low-pitched acoustic signals that can travel long distances are appropriate for long-range underground communication and have been suggested to be territorial signals. Long-range vocalizations (LRVs) are important in long-distance communication inCtenomystuco-tucos. We characterized the LRV of the Anillaco Tuco-Tuco (Ctenomyssp.) using recordings from free-living individuals and described the behavioral context in which this vocalization was produced during laboratory staged encounters between individuals of both sexes. Long-range calls of Anillaco tuco-tucos are low-frequency, broad-band, loud, and long sounds composed by the repetition of two syllable types: series (formed by notes and soft-notes) and individual notes. All vocalizations were initiated with series, but not all had individual notes. Males were heavier than females and gave significantly lower-pitched vocalizations, but acoustic features were independent of body mass in males. The pronounced variation among individuals in the arrangement and number of syllables and the existence of three types of series (dyads, triads, and tetrads), created a diverse collection of syntactic patterns in vocalizations that would provide the opportunity to encode multiple types of information. The existence of complex syntactic patterns and the description of soft-notes represent new aspects of the vocal communication ofCtenomys. Long-distance vocalizations by Anillaco Tuco-Tucos appear to be territorial signals used mostly in male-male interactions. First, emission of LRVs resulted in de-escalation or space-keeping in male-male and male-female encounters in laboratory experiments. Second, these vocalizations were produced most frequently (in the field and in the lab) by males in our study population. Third, males produced LRVs with greater frequency during male-male encounters compared to male-female encounters. Finally, males appear to have larger home ranges that were more spatially segregated than those of females, suggesting that males may have greater need for long-distance signals that advertise their presence. Due to their apparent rarity, the function and acoustic features of LRV in female tuco-tucos remain inadequately known.

scholarly journals Booming far: the long-range vocal strategy of a lekking bird

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (8) ◽  
pp. 170594 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Cornec ◽  
Y. Hingrat ◽  
T. Aubin ◽  
F. Rybak
Keyword(s):  
Long Range ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Second Harmonic ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Acoustic Signals ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Sexual Competition ◽  
The North ◽  
Transmission Of Information

The pressures of selection acting on transmission of information by acoustic signals are particularly high in long-distance communication networks. Males of the North African houbara bustard ( Chlamydotis undulata undulata ) produce extremely low-frequency vocalizations called ‘booms’ as a component of their courtship displays. These displays are performed on sites separated by a distance of on average 550 m, constituting exploded leks. Here, we investigate the acoustic features of booms involved in species-specific identity. We first assessed the modifications of acoustic parameters during boom transmission at long range within the natural habitat of the species, finding that the frequency content of booms was reliably transmitted up to 600 m. Additionally, by testing males' behavioural responses to playbacks of modified signals, we found that the presence of the second harmonic and the frequency modulation are the key parameters for species identification, and also that a sequence of booms elicited stronger responses than a single boom. Thus, the coding–decoding process relies on redundant and propagation-resistant features, making the booms particularly well adapted for the long-range transmission of information between males. Moreover, by experimentally disentangling the presentation of visual and acoustic signals, we showed that during the booming phase of courtship, the two sensory modalities act in synergy. The acoustic component is dominant in the context of intra-sexual competition. While the visual component is not necessary to induce agonistic response, it acts as an amplifier and reduces the time of detection of the signaller. The utilization of these adaptive strategies allows houbara males to maximize the active space of vocalizations emitted in exploded leks.

scholarly journals When to change your tune? Unpaired and paired male house wrens respond differently to anthropogenic noise

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin E. Grabarczyk ◽  
Monique A. Pipkin ◽  
Maarten J. Vonhof ◽  
Sharon A. Gill
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Anthropogenic Noise ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Noise Masking ◽  
House Wrens ◽  
Song Transmission ◽  
Song Frequency ◽  
Male House

In response to anthropogenic noise, many bird species adjust their song frequency, presumably to optimize song transmission and overcome noise masking. But the costs of song adjustments may outweigh the benefits during different stages of breeding, depending on the locations of potential receivers. Selection might favor unpaired males to alter their songs because they sing to attract females that may be widely dispersed, whereas paired males might not if mates and neighbors are primary receivers of their song. We hypothesized male house wrens (Troglodytes aedon) respond differently to noise depending on their pairing status. To test our hypothesis we synthesized pink noise, which mimics anthropogenic noise, and played it at three intensities in territories of paired and unpaired focal males. We recorded their songs and analyzed whether song structure varied with pairing status and noise treatment. To validate our study design, we tested whether noise playback affected measurement of spectral song traits and changed noise levels within territories of focal males. Consistent with our predictions, unpaired males sang differently than paired males, giving longer songs at higher rates. Contrary to predictions, paired males changed their songs by increasing peak frequency during high intensity noise playback, whereas unpaired males did not. If adjusting song frequency in noise is beneficial for long-distance communication we would have expected unpaired males to change their songs in response to noise. By adjusting song frequency, paired males reduce masking and produce a song that is easier to hear. However, if females prefer low frequency song, then unpaired males may be constrained by female preference. Alternatively, if noise adjustments are learned and vary with experience or quality, unpaired males in our study population may be younger, less experienced, or lower quality males.

scholarly journals A Long-Distance Communication Architecture for Medical Devices Based on LoRaWAN Protocol

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 940
Author(s):  
Nicoleta Cristina Gaitan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Medical Devices ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Communication Architecture ◽  
Low Energy Consumption ◽  
Distance Communication

Recent market studies show that the market for remote monitoring devices of different medical parameters will grow exponentially. Globally, more than 4 million individuals will be monitored remotely from the perspective of different health parameters by 2023. Of particular importance is the way of remote transmission of the information acquired from the medical sensors. At this time, there are several methods such as Bluetooth, WI-FI, or other wireless communication interfaces. Recently, the communication based on LoRa (Long Range) technology has had an explosive development that allows the transmission of information over long distances with low energy consumption. The implementation of the IoT (Internet of Things) applications using LoRa devices based on open Long Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) protocol for long distances with low energy consumption can also be used in the medical field. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed and developed a long-distance communication architecture for medical devices based on the LoRaWAN protocol that allows data communications over a distance of more than 10 km.

scholarly journals Variation of Low-Frequency Time-Code Signal Field Strength during the Annular Solar Eclipse on 21 June 2020: Observation and Analysis

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1216
Author(s):  
Xin Wang ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
Fan Zhao ◽  
Xinyu Luo ◽  
Luxi Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Strength ◽  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Time Code ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Time Service ◽  
Annular Solar Eclipse ◽  
Signal Field

Due to the occlusion of the moon, an annular solar eclipse will have an effect on the ionosphere above the earth. The change of the ionosphere, for the low-frequency time-code signal that relies on it as a reflection medium for long-distance propagation, the signal field strength, and other parameters will also produce corresponding changes, which will affect the normal operation of the low-frequency time-code time service system. This paper selects the solar eclipse that occurred in China on 21 June 2020, and uses the existing measurement equipment to carry out experimental research on the low-frequency time-code signal. We measured and analyzed the signal field strength from 20 June 2020 to 23 June 2020, and combined solar activity data, ionospheric data, and geomagnetic data, and attempted to explore the reasons and rules of the change of signal parameters. The results showed that the field strength of the low-frequency time-code signal changed dramatically within a short time period, the max growth value can reach up to 17 dBμV/m and the variation trend yielded ‘three mutations’. This change in signal field strength is probably due to the occurrence of a solar eclipse that has an effect on the ionosphere. When the signal propagation conditions change, the signal strength will also change accordingly.

scholarly journals Enhanced specificity of clinical high-sensitivity tumor mutation profiling in cell-free DNA via paired normal sequencing using MSK-ACCESS

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rose Brannon ◽  
Gowtham Jayakumaran ◽  
Monica Diosdado ◽  
Juber Patel ◽  
Anna Razumova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Patients ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
De Novo Mutation ◽  
Cell Free Dna ◽  
Free Dna ◽  
Somatic Alterations ◽  
Mutation Profiling

AbstractCirculating cell-free DNA from blood plasma of cancer patients can be used to non-invasively interrogate somatic tumor alterations. Here we develop MSK-ACCESS (Memorial Sloan Kettering - Analysis of Circulating cfDNA to Examine Somatic Status), an NGS assay for detection of very low frequency somatic alterations in 129 genes. Analytical validation demonstrated 92% sensitivity in de-novo mutation calling down to 0.5% allele frequency and 99% for a priori mutation profiling. To evaluate the performance of MSK-ACCESS, we report results from 681 prospective blood samples that underwent clinical analysis to guide patient management. Somatic alterations are detected in 73% of the samples, 56% of which have clinically actionable alterations. The utilization of matched normal sequencing allows retention of somatic alterations while removing over 10,000 germline and clonal hematopoiesis variants. Our experience illustrates the importance of analyzing matched normal samples when interpreting cfDNA results and highlights the importance of cfDNA as a genomic profiling source for cancer patients.

scholarly journals 82 Struggle behavior and vocalizations of male piglets during castration

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
Maria E Lou ◽  
Yuzhi Li ◽  
Beth Ventura
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Acute Pain ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Peak Frequency ◽  
Analysis Software ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Behavioral Indicators ◽  
Treatment Groups

Abstract Castration without the use of analgesia is routinely performed on male piglets. The objective of this study was to assess acute pain during castration through behavioral indicators. Piglets (n=88) were randomly allocated to one of two treatments: castration without the use of analgesia (C) and sham-castration (S). Within 24 hours after birth (birth weight = 1.78kg ±0.71), identical procedures were followed for both treatment groups, except sham piglets were not castrated. Struggle behavior (curl ups, leg kicks, and body flailing) and vocalizations were collected via continuous video recording as piglets received treatment from start (first application of scalpel) to end (application of iodine). Vocalization parameters (duration and peak frequency) were analyzed using the Raven Pro: Interactive Sound Analysis Software (Version 1.5). Peak frequency was defined as low (< 1000 Hz) and high (≥ 1000 Hz). Data were analyzed using the Glimmix Procedure of SAS. For struggle behavior, treatment did not affect curl up frequency. However, castrated piglets kicked more frequently than did sham piglets (C=28.8±0.9 vs. S=21.3±0.9 kicks/min; P=0.02). Additionally, 52% of castrated piglets displayed body flailing, whereas only 4.4% of sham piglets displayed the same behavior (Chi-Square = 24.2; P < 0.0001). For vocalizations, no difference was found for duration and peak frequency of low frequency calls. However, castrated piglets responded with more high frequency calls than sham piglets (C=23.6±0.3 vs. S=18.6±0.3 calls/min; P=0.04). High frequency calls tended to be of longer duration for castrated piglets (C=0.45±0.04 vs. S=0.27±0.04 sec/call; P=0.08). Results indicate that castration without the use of analgesia increased the frequency of leg kicks, body failing, and high frequency calls. This suggests that leg kicks, body flailing, and high frequency calls maybe useful behavioral indicators of acute pain in piglets.

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