scholarly journals A novel bioassay for evaluating the efficacy of biocides to inhibit settling and early establishment of marinebiofilms

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åsa Arrhenius ◽  
Thomas Backhaus ◽  
Annelie Hilvarsson ◽  
Ida Wendt ◽  
Aleksandra Zgrundo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Pyrithione ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Antifouling Biocides ◽  
Fouling Organisms ◽  
Early Establishment ◽  
Copper Pyrithione

This paper presents a novel assay that allows a quick and robust assessment of the effects of biocides on the initial settling and establishment of marine photoautotrophic biofilms. The assay integrates the response of the multitude of indigenous fouling organisms, which overcomes a major limitation of existing assays which are largely limited to testing only lab-cultivatable species. The assay was evaluated using eight antifouling biocides, for which full concentration-response curves are presented. The efficacy ranking, based on EC 98 values from most to least efficacious compound is: copper pyrithione >TPBP >DCOIT >tolylfluanid>zinc pyrithione >medetomidine >copper (Cu 2+ ), while the ecotoxicological ranking (based on E C10 values) is irgarol, copper pyrithione >zinc pyrithione >TPBP >tolylfluanid >DCOIT >copper (Cu 2+ ) > medetomidine. The algaecide irgarol did not cause full inhibition. Instead the inhibition leveled out at 95% effect at 30 nmol l -1 , a concentration that was clearly lower than for any other of the tested biocides.

scholarly journals A novel bioassay for evaluating the efficacy of biocides to inhibit settling and early establishment of marinebiofilms

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åsa Arrhenius ◽  
Thomas Backhaus ◽  
Annelie Hilvarsson ◽  
Ida Wendt ◽  
Aleksandra Zgrundo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Pyrithione ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Antifouling Biocides ◽  
Fouling Organisms ◽  
Early Establishment ◽  
Copper Pyrithione

This paper presents a novel assay that allows a quick and robust assessment of the effects of biocides on the initial settling and establishment of marine photoautotrophic biofilms. The assay integrates the response of the multitude of indigenous fouling organisms, which overcomes a major limitation of existing assays which are largely limited to testing only lab-cultivatable species. The assay was evaluated using eight antifouling biocides, for which full concentration-response curves are presented. The efficacy ranking, based on EC 98 values from most to least efficacious compound is: copper pyrithione >TPBP >DCOIT >tolylfluanid>zinc pyrithione >medetomidine >copper (Cu 2+ ), while the ecotoxicological ranking (based on E C10 values) is irgarol, copper pyrithione >zinc pyrithione >TPBP >tolylfluanid >DCOIT >copper (Cu 2+ ) > medetomidine. The algaecide irgarol did not cause full inhibition. Instead the inhibition leveled out at 95% effect at 30 nmol l -1 , a concentration that was clearly lower than for any other of the tested biocides.

scholarly journals A novel bioassay for evaluating the efficacy of biocides to inhibit settling and early establishment of marinebiofilms

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åsa Arrhenius ◽  
Thomas Backhaus ◽  
Annelie Hilvarsson ◽  
Ida Wendt ◽  
Aleksandra Zgrundo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Pyrithione ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Antifouling Biocides ◽  
Fouling Organisms ◽  
Early Establishment ◽  
Copper Pyrithione

This paper presents a novel assay that allows a quick and robust assessment of the effects of biocides on the initial settling and establishment of marine photoautotrophic biofilms. The assay integrates the response of the multitude of indigenous fouling organisms, which overcomes a major limitation of existing assays which are largely limited to testing only lab-cultivatable species. The assay was evaluated using eight antifouling biocides, for which full concentration-response curves are presented. The efficacy ranking, based on EC 98 values from most to least efficacious compound is: copper pyrithione >TPBP >DCOIT >tolylfluanid>zinc pyrithione >medetomidine >copper (Cu 2+ ), while the ecotoxicological ranking (based on E C10 values) is irgarol, copper pyrithione >zinc pyrithione >TPBP >tolylfluanid >DCOIT >copper (Cu 2+ ) > medetomidine. The algaecide irgarol did not cause full inhibition. Instead the inhibition leveled out at 95% effect at 30 nmol l -1 , a concentration that was clearly lower than for any other of the tested biocides.

scholarly journals A novel rapid assay for evaluating the efficacy of biocides to inhibit the development of marine photoautotrophic biofilms

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åsa Arrhenius ◽  
Thomas Backhaus ◽  
Annelie Hilvarsson ◽  
Ida Wendt ◽  
Aleksandra Zgrundo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Species ◽  
Zinc Pyrithione ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Rapid Assay ◽  
Antifouling Biocides ◽  
Growth Assay ◽  
Methodological Considerations ◽  
Copper Pyrithione

In this paper a novel settlement and growth assay is presented that uses field-collected marine photoautotrophic biofilms as inoculum. The multitude of indigenous species that are the potential foulers aretherefore included in the assay, which overcomes the limitation of testing only those species that can be cultivated in the laboratory. The assay was evaluated using eight antifouling biocides. The methodological considerations are discussed thoroughly and full concentration response curves are presented for all testedbiocides. The efficacy ranking based on EC 98 values from the most to the least efficacious compound is as follows: copper pyrithione > TPBP > DCOIT > tolylfluanid > zinc pyrithione > medetomidine > copper (Cu 2+ ). The algaecide irgarol did not cause a full inhibition of settlement and growth but the inhibition leveled out at 95% already at 30 nmol l -1 , at a concentration that is clearly lower than for any other of the tested biocides.

scholarly journals Differences in susceptibility of marine bacterial communities to metal pyrithiones, their degradation compounds and organotin antifouling biocides

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 1033-1039
Author(s):  
Madoka Ohji ◽  
Hiroya Harino ◽  
William John Langston
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Degradation Product ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
High Susceptibility ◽  
Zinc Pyrithione ◽  
Bacterial Colony ◽  
Indigenous Bacteria ◽  
Antifouling Biocides ◽  
Colony Forming Units

AbstractThe susceptibility of marine bacterial communities to copper pyrithione (CuPT2), zinc pyrithione (ZnPT2) and their degradation product is described and toxicities of these relatively new antifouling biocides compared with those of their harmful organotin (OT) predecessors, tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT). These biocides were added to agar at concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 and 10 mg l−1and coastal seawater including indigenous bacteria added to each batch of agar solution. The number of bacterial colony forming units (CFU) was measured after 7 days culture. Relative CFU (as a percentage of control) was more than 80% at a concentration of 0.01 mg l−1of each compound, except for TBT. Relative CFU decreased as a function of dose of each biocide, although concentration-dependent changes in rate of CFU were relatively low during exposure to degradation products of CuPT2and ZnPT2, pyridineN-oxide (PO) and pyridine-2-sulphonic acid (PSA). Based on comparisons of EC50, TBT was the most bacterio-toxic of the tested compounds (0.2 mg l−1), marginally more so than CuPT2(0.3 mg l−1). Interestingly, EC50values of degradation products of CuPT2and ZnPT2, 2-mercaptopyridineN-oxide (HPT) and 2,2′-dithio-bispyridineN-oxide (PT2) were 0.8 and 0.5 mg l−1, respectively, lower than that of the parent chemical, ZnPT2(1.4 mg l−1). The EC50of PT2was also lower than that of TPT (0.7 mg l−1), implying higher toxicity. Given the overlapping toxicity ranges, these results suggest that marine bacterial communities experience comparably high susceptibility to metal PTs and OTs during their life history.

Sub-lethal toxicities of zinc pyrithione, copper pyrithione alone and in combination to the indicator mussel species Unio crassus Philipsson, 1788 (Bivalvia, Unionidae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 292-308
Author(s):  
Nikola Třešňáková ◽  
A. Çağlan Günal ◽  
Gökben Başaran Kankılıç ◽  
Elif Paçal ◽  
Ü. Nihan Tavşanoğlu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Pyrithione ◽  
Mussel Species ◽  
Copper Pyrithione

scholarly journals Biocides in Antifouling Paint Formulations Currently Registered For Use

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
César Augusto Paz-Villarraga ◽  
Ítalo Braga Castro ◽  
Gilberto Fillmann
Keyword(s):  
Safety Data ◽  
Antifouling Paint ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Business Associations ◽  
Active Ingredients ◽  
Zinc Pyrithione ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Governmental Agencies ◽  
Fouling Organisms

Abstract Antifouling paints incorporate biocides in their composition seeking to avoid or minimize the settlement and growing of undesirable fouling organisms. Therefore, biocides are released into the aquatic environments also affecting several non-target organisms and, thus, compromising ecosystems. Despite global efforts to investigate the environment occurrence and toxicity of biocides currently used in antifouling paints, the specific active ingredients that have been used in commercial products are poorly known. Thus, the present study assessed the frequencies of occurrence and relative concentrations of biocides in antifouling paint formulations registered for marketing worldwide. The main data were obtained from databases of governmental agencies, business associations and safety data sheets from paint manufacturers around the world. Results pointed out for 25 active ingredients currently used as biocides, where up to six biocides have been simultaneously used in the examined formulations. Cuprous oxide, copper pyrithione, zinc pyrithione, zineb, DCOIT and cuprous thiocyanate were the most frequently ones, with mean relative concentrations of 35.9±12.8 %, 2.9±1.6 %, 4.0±5.3 %, 5.4±2.0 %, 1.9±1.9 % and 18.1±8.0 % (w/w) of respective biocide present in the antifouling paint formulations. Surprisingly, antifouling paints containing TBT as active ingredient are still being registered for commercialization nowadays. These results can be applied as a proxy of biocides that are possibly being used by antifouling systems and, consequently, released into the aquatic environment, which can help to prioritize the active ingredients that should be addressed in future studies.

Providing antifouling properties to fishing nets with encapsulated econea

2020 ◽  
pp. 152808372092056
Author(s):  
Gülşah Ekin Kartal ◽  
Ayşe Merih Sarıışık
Keyword(s):  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Antifouling Paints ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Antifouling Biocides ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Physical Tests ◽  
Fouling Organisms

Aquaculture is usually carried out in cage nets made of textile materials. Fouling organisms settle on the cage nets over time, close the mesh openings, and cause unwanted weight gain. In order to prevent this problem, fishing nets or cages are treated with antifouling paints. Therefore, there is a great need for developing eco-friendly antifouling biocides since negative ecological effects have been proven for the current antifouling biocides and paints. In this study, it was aimed to take advantage of the slow and sustained release of microcapsule technology. For this purpose, econea active agent (an eco-friendly antifouling chemical) was encapsulated with spray-dryer method, carried out capsule optimization studies, and impregnated to the ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene fishing nets with two different binders as polyurethane and acrylic. Fishing nets, which transferred microcapsules, were compared with a commercial copper oxide-based dye. Microcapsule-treated and untreated net samples were immersed in a marine ecosystem next to an aquaculture zone for six months in the Aegean Sea. Fouling organisms on nets were observed by taking underwater photographs at periodic intervals. Physical tests (tensile strength, variation in mass) were performed on the nets before and after the treatment with microcapsules. Solidity of the nets and analyses of fouling organisms were examined after the field study. These results show that copper-free eco-friendly antifouling microcapsules are effective against the fouling mechanism. The novel ecofriendly formulation has promising results, and slightly dissolving versions of studied ecofriendly microcapsules could be an alternative for copper-based antifouling biocides.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the phenyl-bonded silica-based sorbent for pre-concentration of the booster antifouling biocides Zinc Pyrithione, Zineb and Ziram using solid-phase extraction technique and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-31
Author(s):  
Ana Marta Cavinato Marchini Rolisola ◽  
Amauri Antônio Menegário ◽  
Lauren Nozomi Marques Yabuki ◽  
Luciana Polese ◽  
Chang Hung Kiang
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase Extraction ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Phase Extraction ◽  
Estuarine Water ◽  
Ultrapure Water ◽  
Zinc Pyrithione ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Antifouling Biocides ◽  
Plasma Mass Spectrometry

A robust method of solid-phase extraction technique with use of the phenyl-bonded silica-based sorbent (Si-PH sorbent) for pre-concentration of three booster antifouling biocides: zinc pyrithione, Zineb and Ziram in ultrapure water fortified and estuarine water sample was evaluated for zinc determination by collision cell technology-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (CCT-ICP-MS). Decontamination process to remove metals and prevent (trans-) metallization of the Si-PH sorbent with 20 mL of nitric acid 0.006 mol L-1 was performed. This proposed solid-phase extraction efficiency of three booster antifouling biocides by the phenyl-bonded silica-based sorbent (Si-PH sorbent) was evaluated in 40 mL of ultrapure water fortified sample (40 μg L-1 of the zinc biocides). The adsorption of zinc pyrithione, Zineb and Ziram were 94.2 ± 0.1%, 85.13 ± 0.04% and 93.35 ± 0.09%, respectively. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values obtained were 0.66 μg L-1 and 2.19 μg L-1, respectively. Good recoveries of zinc pyrithione (85 ± 2%), Zineb (89 ± 5%) and Ziram (111 ± 2%) in the elution step for booster antifouling biocides from the fortified estuarine water were obtained. 

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