scholarly journals Meta-analysis of published frequencies of the first decade of field-based mortality and seropositivity in avian species affected by West Nile virus in the United States

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Verdugo ◽  
Claudio Fuentes ◽  
Maureen T Long
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
The Status

A meta-analysis approach was used to extract the frequency of avian seropositivity to West Nile Virus (WNV) (fS) and mortality from WNV (fM) from the literature published between the years 2001-2010. The indices, fS and fM, were used to represent states of resistance (seropositivity with no or limited mortality) and susceptibility in birds (detection of WNV with mortality), respectively. The indices fS and fM were calculated for each species across publications into different taxonomic strata, year, combined time intervals, and geographic location. The data were analyzed by logistic regression to assess the status of WNV infection amongst different avian taxonomic strata and infer changes of WNV infection status over time. Using level of peak viremia as a proxy for host competence among the avian species, the value of the phylogenetic signal was tested by Blomberg´s K after transformation of the branch lengths. Sixty-three publications were used for the final dataset representing studies performed from 1999 to 2008 and published between 2001-2010. Analysis of both fS and fM demonstrated variability in avian responses to WNV across order, family, and species. When the data were analyzed for fS, the families and species of the orders Ciconiiformes, Galliformes, and Columbiformes had significantly higher fS than that of the Passeriformes (P < 0.0001). Within the Passeriformes, the Corvidae and Cardinalidae families had higher fS than any other family. When the data were analyzed for fM, dead Corvidae and Paridae were most likely to test positive for virus. Temporally, a positive trend of increasing fS was detected in several avian species while the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) was the only species with a significant negative trend in fM (P = 0.042). Little to no interaction of geographic location with time was detected within species of birds. A weak but significant phylogenetic signal corresponded to host range, suggesting that the rate of spread of WNV through the avian community was partially dependent of the relatedness of hosts. The meta-data predicted that species within families, and even order, were heterogeneous in their disease susceptibility traits to WNV. The Passeriformes contributed most to this variation. Several trends in various families and orders of birds were observed from which new studies could be pursued. The pooling of data was key in detecting areas where data was lacking and identified aspects of avian responses to WNV could be expanded.

scholarly journals Meta-analysis of published frequencies of the first decade of field-based mortality and seropositivity in avian species affected by West Nile virus in the United States

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Verdugo ◽  
Claudio Fuentes ◽  
Maureen T Long
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
The United States ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
The Status

A meta-analysis approach was used to extract the frequency of avian seropositivity to West Nile Virus (WNV) (fS) and mortality from WNV (fM) from the literature published between the years 2001-2010. The indices, fS and fM, were used to represent states of resistance (seropositivity with no or limited mortality) and susceptibility in birds (detection of WNV with mortality), respectively. The indices fS and fM were calculated for each species across publications into different taxonomic strata, year, combined time intervals, and geographic location. The data were analyzed by logistic regression to assess the status of WNV infection amongst different avian taxonomic strata and infer changes of WNV infection status over time. Using level of peak viremia as a proxy for host competence among the avian species, the value of the phylogenetic signal was tested by Blomberg´s K after transformation of the branch lengths. Sixty-three publications were used for the final dataset representing studies performed from 1999 to 2008 and published between 2001-2010. Analysis of both fS and fM demonstrated variability in avian responses to WNV across order, family, and species. When the data were analyzed for fS, the families and species of the orders Ciconiiformes, Galliformes, and Columbiformes had significantly higher fS than that of the Passeriformes (P < 0.0001). Within the Passeriformes, the Corvidae and Cardinalidae families had higher fS than any other family. When the data were analyzed for fM, dead Corvidae and Paridae were most likely to test positive for virus. Temporally, a positive trend of increasing fS was detected in several avian species while the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos) was the only species with a significant negative trend in fM (P = 0.042). Little to no interaction of geographic location with time was detected within species of birds. A weak but significant phylogenetic signal corresponded to host range, suggesting that the rate of spread of WNV through the avian community was partially dependent of the relatedness of hosts. The meta-data predicted that species within families, and even order, were heterogeneous in their disease susceptibility traits to WNV. The Passeriformes contributed most to this variation. Several trends in various families and orders of birds were observed from which new studies could be pursued. The pooling of data was key in detecting areas where data was lacking and identified aspects of avian responses to WNV could be expanded.

scholarly journals Fluid Spatial Dynamics of West Nile Virus in the United States: Rapid Spread in a Permissive Host Environment

2015 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 862-872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Di Giallonardo ◽  
Jemma L. Geoghegan ◽  
Douglas E. Docherty ◽  
Robert G. McLean ◽  
Michael C. Zody ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
North America ◽  
Adaptive Evolution ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Avian Species ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Permissive Host

ABSTRACTThe introduction of West Nile virus (WNV) into North America in 1999 is a classic example of viral emergence in a new environment, with its subsequent dispersion across the continent having a major impact on local bird populations. Despite the importance of this epizootic, the pattern, dynamics, and determinants of WNV spread in its natural hosts remain uncertain. In particular, it is unclear whether the virus encountered major barriers to transmission, or spread in an unconstrained manner, and if specific viral lineages were favored over others indicative of intrinsic differences in fitness. To address these key questions in WNV evolution and ecology, we sequenced the complete genomes of approximately 300 avian isolates sampled across the United States between 2001 and 2012. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a relatively star-like tree structure, indicative of explosive viral spread in the United States, although with some replacement of viral genotypes through time. These data are striking in that viral sequences exhibit relatively limited clustering according to geographic region, particularly for those viruses sampled from birds, and no strong phylogenetic association with well-sampled avian species. The genome sequence data analyzed here also contain relatively little evidence for adaptive evolution, particularly of structural proteins, suggesting that most viral lineages are of similar fitness and that WNV is well adapted to the ecology of mosquito vectors and diverse avian hosts in the United States. In sum, the molecular evolution of WNV in North America depicts a largely unfettered expansion within a permissive host and geographic population with little evidence of major adaptive barriers.IMPORTANCEHow viruses spread in new host and geographic environments is central to understanding the emergence and evolution of novel infectious diseases and for predicting their likely impact. The emergence of the vector-borne West Nile virus (WNV) in North America in 1999 represents a classic example of this process. Using approximately 300 new viral genomes sampled from wild birds, we show that WNV experienced an explosive spread with little geographical or host constraints within birds and relatively low levels of adaptive evolution. From its introduction into the state of New York, WNV spread across the United States, reaching California and Florida within 4 years, a migration that is clearly reflected in our genomic sequence data, and with a general absence of distinct geographical clusters of bird viruses. However, some geographically distinct viral lineages were found to circulate in mosquitoes, likely reflecting their limited long-distance movement compared to avian species.

scholarly journals Animal and Human Vaccines against West Nile Virus

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1073
Author(s):  
Juan-Carlos Saiz
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Specific Therapy ◽  
Phase Iii Clinical Trials ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Status

West Nile virus (WNV) is a widely distributed enveloped flavivirus transmitted by mosquitoes, which main hosts are birds. The virus sporadically infects equids and humans with serious economic and health consequences, as infected individuals can develop a severe neuroinvasive disease that can even lead to death. Nowadays, no WNV-specific therapy is available and vaccines are only licensed for use in horses but not for humans. While several methodologies for WNV vaccine development have been successfully applied and have contributed to significantly reducing its incidence in horses in the US, none have progressed to phase III clinical trials in humans. This review addresses the status of WNV vaccines for horses, birds, and humans, summarizing and discussing the challenges they face for their clinical advance and their introduction to the market.

scholarly journals 338. Analysis of Etiologies of Aseptic Meningitis within a Nation-Wide Hospital Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S239-S239
Author(s):  
Arunmozhi S Aravagiri ◽  
Scott Kubomoto ◽  
Ayutyanont Napatkamon ◽  
Sarah Wilson ◽  
Sudhakar Mallela
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Aseptic Meningitis ◽  
Epidemiologic Study ◽  
The United States ◽  
Positive Test ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Varicella Zoster ◽  
The Us

Abstract Background Aseptic meningitis can be caused by an array of microorganisms, both bacterial and non-bacterial, as well as non-infectious conditions. Some etiologies of aseptic meningitis require treatment with antibiotics, antiviral, antifungals, anti-parasitic agents, immunosuppressants, and or chemotherapy. There are limited diagnostic tools for diagnosing certain types of aseptic meningitis, therefore knowing the differential causes of aseptic meningitis, and their relative percentages may assist in diagnosis. Review of the literature reveals that there are no recent studies of etiologies of aseptic meningitis in the United States (US). This is an epidemiologic study to delineate etiologies of aseptic meningitis in a large database of 185 HCA hospitals across the US. Methods Data was collected from January 2016 to December 2019 on all patients diagnosed with meningitis. CSF PCR studies, and CSF antibody tests were then selected for inclusion. Results Total number of encounters were 3,149 hospitalizations. Total number of individual labs analyzed was 10,613, and of these 262 etiologies were identified. 23.6% (62) of cases were due to enterovirus, 18.7% (49) due to HSV-2, 14.5% (38) due to West Nile virus, 13.7% (36) due to Varicella zoster (VZV), 10.5% (27) due to Cryptococcus. Additionally, we analyzed the rate of positive test results by region. Nationally, 9.7% of tests ordered for enterovirus were positive. In contrast, 0.5% of tests ordered for HSV 1 were positive. The southeastern United States had the highest rate of positive tests for HSV 2 (7% of tests ordered for HSV 2 were positive). The central United States had the highest rate of positive test for West Nile virus (11% of tests ordered for West Nile were positive). The northeastern region and the highest rate of positive tests for varicella zoster (18%). Table 1: Percentage of positive CSF tests (positive tests/tests ordered) Table 2: Lists the number of HIV patients and transplant patients that had positive CSF PCR/serologies Figure 1: Percentage of positive CSF tests in each region Conclusion Approximately 40% of aseptic meningitis population had treatable etiologies. A third of the Cryptococcus meningitis population had HIV. Furthermore, enteroviruses had the majority of cases within the US, which are similar to studies done in other parts of the world. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals Meteorological Conditions Associated with Increased Incidence of West Nile Virus Disease in the United States, 2004–2012

2015 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 1013-1022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Micah B. Hahn ◽  
Roger S. Nasci ◽  
Mark J. Delorey ◽  
Rebecca J. Eisen ◽  
Andrew J. Monaghan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Meteorological Conditions ◽  
West Nile

Improving the prediction of arbovirus outbreaks: A comparison of climate-driven models for West Nile virus in an endemic region of the United States

Acta Tropica ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 185 ◽  
pp. 242-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin K. Davis ◽  
Geoffrey P. Vincent ◽  
Michael B. Hildreth ◽  
Lon Kightlinger ◽  
Christopher Carlson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
West Nile

Using Volunteered Geographic Information to Assess the Spatial Distribution of West Nile Virus in Detroit, Michigan

2013 ◽  
pp. 1170-1182
Author(s):  
Kevin P. McKnight ◽  
Joseph P. Messina ◽  
Ashton M. Shortridge ◽  
Meghan D. Burns ◽  
Bruce W. Pigozzi
Keyword(s):  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
Clustering Algorithms ◽  
The United States ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Hotspot Detection ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Dead Bird ◽  
Global And Local

West Nile Virus is a vector-borne flavivirus that affects mainly birds, horses, and humans. The disease emerged in the United States in 1999 and by 2001 had reached Michigan. In clinical human cases, the most common symptoms are fever, weakness, nausea, headache, and changes in mental state. The crow is the most common wildlife host in the life cycle of the virus. The state of Michigan, through the Michigan Department of Community Health, collected the spatial locations of over 8,000 dead birds (Corvidae), statewide, during 2002. The large number of samples made spatial and temporal hotspot detection possible. However, the volunteer reporting method produced a dataset with a direct correlation between the numbers and locations of the dead birds and human population density and accurately identifying hotspots remains a challenge. Geographic variation in dead bird intensity was modeled using both global and local spatial clustering algorithms. Statistical models identified overall spatial structure and local clustering. Identification of hotspots was confounded by limited information about the collection procedures, data availability and quality, and the limitations of each method.

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