scholarly journals Discovery of a few photosynthesis models through red light absorbance-transmittance of the e1 leaf sectors of newly bred hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.)

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nav Raj Adhikari ◽  
Surya Kant Ghimire ◽  
Shrawan Kumar Sah ◽  
Keshab Babu Koirala
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Reaction Centers ◽  
Nutrient Mobilization ◽  
Maize Leaves ◽  
Light Absorbance

Background: Pipeline hybrids of maize must be evaluated very intensively and from several perspectives in order to extract reliability of success of the hybrids in farmers’ field before their release as cultivars and to extract some useful physiology preferably photosynthesis and tolerance of green LS (leaf sectors) under biotic and abiotic stresses as scientists’ bonus. For it, five pipeline single cross hybrids of yellow maize have been examined from the standpoint of photosynthetic potentiality of central leaf and nutrient mobilization from it to ear for grain fill. Materials and methods: Just above ear (e1) leaf have been minutely examined through ratio of absorbance to transmittance of red light of 650 nm (RAT) measure, chl and N concentration (conc). From correlation coefficients (r) computed between grain yield (GY) and frequency of LS of varying RAT SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis and Development) measures, chl and N conc; a few photosynthesis models have been proposed to explain leaf physiologies and its effects on GY. Results and discussions: Through analysis of frequency distribution of RAT measures and r between GY and frequency of LS of varying RAT (SPAD) measure, RATA Makai model has been proposed to explain for a variety of efficiency of antennae to harvest light energy especially red photons and transfer the energy to reaction centers (RCs). Antenna has been classified into functional, semi-functional and least functional based on their contribution on GY. Next is diversity model to explain existence of two types of diversity of leaf sector such as narrow and wide diversity on the central maize leaf based on r between GY and frequency of LS of varying RAT. This sort of LS diversity study helps classify nature of LS based on RAT and or chl and N conc. A few more models proposed in it are NARC (Nitrogen Concentration in Antenna and Reaction Centers) and PAY (Protein Amounts and its effects on Yield) based on r between GY and leaf N and protein amounts. In addition; strong positive r has been found between GY and the frequencies of the LS of 46-52 RAT SPAD; 46-56 μg cm-2 of chl conc and 2-2.3% N of dry weight; This way, we proposed about threshold and upper limit of the RAT SPAD, chl and N conc in maize leaves. It implies that cells in the RAT SPAD range 46-52 are genotype based multiplicative, physiologically active and competent to make their identity in the e1 leaf of the hybrids for GY contribution. Furthermore, next model of “green car” has been proposed for four kinds of proportion of green and carotenoid (car) conc: high green-high car, high green-low car, low green-high car and low green-low car on maize leaves and their effects on grain yield and dry matter production. We can extract a model of no car-no food from the existence of effect phenomena of high green-low car conc on the low dry matter and GYs in maize.

scholarly journals Discovery of a few photosynthesis models through red light absorbance-transmittance of the e1 leaf sectors of newly bred hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.)

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nav Raj Adhikari ◽  
Surya Kant Ghimire ◽  
Shrawan Kumar Sah ◽  
Keshab Babu Koirala
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Reaction Centers ◽  
Nutrient Mobilization ◽  
Maize Leaves ◽  
Light Absorbance

Background: Pipeline hybrids of maize must be evaluated very intensively and from several perspectives in order to extract reliability of success of the hybrids in farmers’ field before their release as cultivars and to extract some useful physiology preferably photosynthesis and tolerance of green LS (leaf sectors) under biotic and abiotic stresses as scientists’ bonus. For it, five pipeline single cross hybrids of yellow maize have been examined from the standpoint of photosynthetic potentiality of central leaf and nutrient mobilization from it to ear for grain fill. Materials and methods: Just above ear (e1) leaf have been minutely examined through ratio of absorbance to transmittance of red light of 650 nm (RAT) measure, chl and N concentration (conc). From correlation coefficients (r) computed between grain yield (GY) and frequency of LS of varying RAT SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis and Development) measures, chl and N conc; a few photosynthesis models have been proposed to explain leaf physiologies and its effects on GY. Results and discussions: Through analysis of frequency distribution of RAT measures and r between GY and frequency of LS of varying RAT (SPAD) measure, RATA Makai model has been proposed to explain for a variety of efficiency of antennae to harvest light energy especially red photons and transfer the energy to reaction centers (RCs). Antenna has been classified into functional, semi-functional and least functional based on their contribution on GY. Next is diversity model to explain existence of two types of diversity of leaf sector such as narrow and wide diversity on the central maize leaf based on r between GY and frequency of LS of varying RAT. This sort of LS diversity study helps classify nature of LS based on RAT and or chl and N conc. A few more models proposed in it are NARC (Nitrogen Concentration in Antenna and Reaction Centers) and PAY (Protein Amounts and its effects on Yield) based on r between GY and leaf N and protein amounts. In addition; strong positive r has been found between GY and the frequencies of the LS of 46-52 RAT SPAD; 46-56 μg cm-2 of chl conc and 2-2.3% N of dry weight; This way, we proposed about threshold and upper limit of the RAT SPAD, chl and N conc in maize leaves. It implies that cells in the RAT SPAD range 46-52 are genotype based multiplicative, physiologically active and competent to make their identity in the e1 leaf of the hybrids for GY contribution. Furthermore, next model of “green car” has been proposed for four kinds of proportion of green and carotenoid (car) conc: high green-high car, high green-low car, low green-high car and low green-low car on maize leaves and their effects on grain yield and dry matter production. We can extract a model of no car-no food from the existence of effect phenomena of high green-low car conc on the low dry matter and GYs in maize.

scholarly journals Discovery of a few photosynthesis models through red light absorbance-transmittance of the e1 leaf sectors of newly bred hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.)

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nav Raj Adhikari ◽  
Surya Kant Ghimire ◽  
Shrawan Kumar Sah ◽  
Keshab Babu Koirala
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Reaction Centers ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Nutrient Mobilization ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Maize Leaves

Background: Pipeline hybrids of maize must be evaluated very intensively and from several perspectives in order to extract reliability of success of the hybrids in farmers’ field before their release as cultivars and to extract some useful physiology preferably photosynthesis, source-sink relationship and tolerance of green LS (leaf sectors) under biotic and abiotic stresses as scientists’ bonus. For it, five pipeline single cross hybrids of yellow maize have been examined from the standpoint of photosynthetic potentiality of central leaf and nutrient mobilization from it to ear for grain fill. Materials and methods: Just above ear (e1) leaf have been minutely examined through ratio of absorbance to transmittance of red light of 650 nm (RAT) measure, chl and N concentration (conc). From correlation coefficients (r) computed between frequency of LS of varying RAT SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis and Development) measures, chl and N conc; few photosynthetic models have been proposed to explain leaf physiologies and its effects on grain yields. Results and discussions: Through analysis of frequency distribution of RAT measures and r between frequency of LS of varying RAT SPAD measure and grain yield, RATA Makai model has been proposed to explain for a variety of efficiency of antennae to harvest light energy especially red photons and transfer the energy to reaction centers (RCs). It includes two types of classification of antenna. Next is diversity model to explain existence of four types leaf sector such as narrow, medium, wide diversity with least bad LS in central leaf of the maize based on photosynthetic efficiency of variety of the photosynthetic e1 LS that they are differentially contributing to grain yields. This sort of LS diversity study helps classify character of LS based on RAT and or chl and N conc. A few more models proposed in it are NARC (Nitrogen Concentration in Antenna and Reaction Centers) and PAY (Protein Amounts and its effects on Yield) based on r between grain yield and leaf N and protein amounts. In addition; strong positive r has been found between grain yields and the frequencies of the LS of 46-52 RAT SPAD; 46-56 µg cm-2 of chl conc and 2-2.3% N of dry weight; This way, we proposed about threshold and upper limit of the RAT SPAD, chl and N conc in maize leaves. It implies that cells in these ranges are genotype based multiplicative and physiologically active and competent to make their identity in the e1 leaf of the hybrids for GY contribution. In addition, next model of ‘green car’ with the four kinds of proportion of green and carotenoid (car) conc: high green-high car to produce high grain yield and remaining proportion such as high green-low car, low green-high car and low green-low car on maize leaves to cause low grain yield has been proposed. Concept of high green-low car conc in maize leaf gives extended model of no car-no food.

scholarly journals Discovery of a few photosynthesis models through red light absorbance-transmittance of the e1 leaf sectors of newly bred hybrids of maize (Zea mays L.)

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nav Raj Adhikari ◽  
Surya Kant Ghimire ◽  
Shrawan Kumar Sah ◽  
Keshab Babu Koirala
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Reaction Centers ◽  
Extended Model ◽  
Nutrient Mobilization ◽  
Grain Yields ◽  
Maize Leaves

Background: Pipeline hybrids of maize must be evaluated very intensively and from several perspectives in order to extract reliability of success of the hybrids in farmers‟ field before their release as cultivars and to extract some useful physiology preferably photosynthesis, source-sink relationship and tolerance of green LS (leaf sectors) under biotic and abiotic stresses as scientists‟ bonus. For it, five pipeline single cross hybrids of yellow maize have been examined from the standpoint of photosynthetic potentiality of central leaf and nutrient mobilization from it to ear for grain fill. Materials and methods: Just above ear (e1) leaf have been minutely examined through ratio of absorbance to transmittance of red light of 650 nm (RAT) measure, chl and N concentration (conc). From correlation coefficients (r) computed between frequency of LS of varying RAT SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis and Development) measures, chl and N conc; a few photosynthesis models have been proposed to explain leaf physiologies and its effects on grain yields. Results and discussions: Through analysis of frequency distribution of RAT measures and r between frequency of LS of varying RAT SPAD measure and grain yield, RATA Makai model has been proposed to explain for a variety of efficiency of antennae to harvest light energy especially red photons and transfer the energy to reaction centers (RCs). Functional, semi-functional and least functional antenna have been classified. Next is diversity model to explain existence two types of diversity of leaf sector such as narrow and wide diversity with least bad LS in central leaf of the maize based on photosynthetic efficiency of a variety of the photosynthetic e1 LS that they are differentially contributing to grain yields. This sort of LS diversity study helps classify character of LS based on RAT and or chl and N conc. A few more models proposed in it are NARC (Nitrogen Concentration in Antenna and Reaction Centers) and PAY (Protein Amounts and its effects on Yield) based on r between grain yield and leaf N and protein amounts. In addition; strong positive r has been found between grain yields and the frequencies of the LS of 46-52 RAT SPAD; 46-56 μg cm-2 of chl conc and 2-2.3% N of dry weight; This way, we proposed about threshold and upper limit of the RAT SPAD, chl and N conc in maize leaves. It implies that cells in these ranges are genotype based multiplicative and physiologically active and competent to make their identity in the e1 leaf of the hybrids for GY contribution. Furthermore, next model of „green car‟ with the four kinds of proportion of green and carotenoid (car) conc: high green-high car to produce high grain yield and remaining proportion such as high green-low car, low green-high car and low green-low car on maize leaves to cause low grain yield has been proposed. Concept of high green-low car conc in maize leaf gives extended model of no car-no food.

scholarly journals Dynamics of chlorophyll and N concentration on e0 and e3 leaves of maize hybrids in winter in subtropical region

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nav Raj Adhikari ◽  
Surya Kant Ghimire ◽  
Shrawan Kumar Sah ◽  
Keshab Babu Koirala
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Subtropical Region ◽  
Maize Breeding ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Light Absorbance

National maize productivity is very low in Nepal. To increase its productivity, hybrid maize breeding and their cultivation are indispensible. For it, fifteen newly bred single cross hybrids of yellow maize were examined to select superior high GYHs (grain yielding hybrids) from the standpoint grain yielding potentiality. In addition, dynamics of chl, N conc and red light absorbance-transmittance (RAT) have also examined from the standpoint of chl, N conc and RAT measure and their effects on grain yield (GY). For it, a trial of RCBD experiment was conducted in open field in winter in subtropical region in Nepal. Seeds were sown on October 3, 2012 plot in two row plot area of 1.4 x 3.0 m2. After anthesis, observations of chl and N conc implying RAT (red light absorbance-transmittance) SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis and Development) measures were taken from the topmost ear (e0 or E0) and third (e3 or E3) leaf above the e0 leaf in ten days interval during entire grain filling (GF). SPAD measures were transformed to total chl and N conc. E0 leaf has been found more grain yield determining than e3 leaf and terminal GF has been found more determining than early GF from the standpoint of correlation coefficients (r ) of GYs with chl, N conc and SPAD measure. From pooled variance analysis; SPAD and chl conc were not significant different in the two leaves and among the hybrids (Hybrids x Leaves x Ages). But, the SPAD and chl conc were significant different among the two leaves and ages (Leaves x Ages) irrespective of the hybrids. Different to the SPAD and chl conc, N conc was significant different in the leaves among the hybrids with respect to ages of the plants among the fifteen hybrids (Hybrids x Leaves x Ages). Thirteen top high GYHs 8, 12, 11, 13, 5, 6, 10, 1, 7, 14, 2, 9 and 15 were non-significant different from the standpoint of GY. The SPAD measures were in the non-significant range of 51-55 in e0 leaf in the duration from 95 to 125 d among the fifteen hybrids (FHs). Among the top four high GYHs 8, 12, 11 and 13; hybrid 11 lost chl and N from e0 leaf significantly on 135th d relative to the most of the hybrids. It means that the hybrid 11 could efficiently degrade N containing soluble protein and chl even on e0 leaf relatively. Top listed five high GYHs 8, 12, 11, 5 and 6 (except 13) constantly maintained chl and N conc implying SPAD on the e0 leaf up to the 135th d. In addition, it implies that these five hybrids sent newly up-taken N to kernels without degradation of the proteins and chl from the e0 leaf till the age of 135 d. High GYH 8 had degraded soluble proteins and enzymes and chl conc on e3 leaf and mobilized the degraded N to the kernels more efficiently from the e3 leaf. It is not necessary that maize hybrids must constantly maintain soluble proteins and chl conc during most of early to mid GF for high GY. Instead, diagnostic decline of the soluble protein and chl conc during early to mid GF also accelerate GF phenomena.

scholarly journals Dynamics of chlorophyll and N concentration on e0 and e3 leaves of maize hybrids in winter in subtropical region

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nav Raj Adhikari ◽  
Surya Kant Ghimire ◽  
Shrawan Kumar Sah ◽  
Keshab Babu Koirala
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Soluble Proteins ◽  
Subtropical Region ◽  
Maize Breeding ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
Light Absorbance

National maize productivity is very low in Nepal. To increase its productivity, hybrid maize breeding and their cultivation are indispensible. For it, fifteen newly bred single cross hybrids of yellow maize were examined to select superior high GYHs (grain yielding hybrids) from the standpoint grain yielding potentiality. In addition, dynamics of chl, N conc and red light absorbance-transmittance (RAT) have also examined from the standpoint of chl, N conc and RAT measure and their effects on grain yield (GY). For it, a trial of RCBD experiment was conducted in open field in winter in subtropical region in Nepal. Seeds were sown on October 3, 2012 plot in two row plot area of 1.4 x 3.0 m2. After anthesis, observations of chl and N conc implying RAT (red light absorbance-transmittance) SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis and Development) measures were taken from the topmost ear (e0 or E0) and third (e3 or E3) leaf above the e0 leaf in ten days interval during entire grain filling (GF). SPAD measures were transformed to total chl and N conc. E0 leaf has been found more grain yield determining than e3 leaf and terminal GF has been found more determining than early GF from the standpoint of correlation coefficients (r ) of GYs with chl, N conc and SPAD measure. From pooled variance analysis; SPAD and chl conc were not significant different in the two leaves and among the hybrids (Hybrids x Leaves x Ages). But, the SPAD and chl conc were significant different among the two leaves and ages (Leaves x Ages) irrespective of the hybrids. Different to the SPAD and chl conc, N conc was significant different in the leaves among the hybrids with respect to ages of the plants among the fifteen hybrids (Hybrids x Leaves x Ages). Thirteen top high GYHs 8, 12, 11, 13, 5, 6, 10, 1, 7, 14, 2, 9 and 15 were non-significant different from the standpoint of GY. The SPAD measures were in the non-significant range of 51-55 in e0 leaf in the duration from 95 to 125 d among the fifteen hybrids (FHs). Among the top four high GYHs 8, 12, 11 and 13; hybrid 11 lost chl and N from e0 leaf significantly on 135th d relative to the most of the hybrids. It means that the hybrid 11 could efficiently degrade N containing soluble protein and chl even on e0 leaf relatively. Top listed five high GYHs 8, 12, 11, 5 and 6 (except 13) constantly maintained chl and N conc implying SPAD on the e0 leaf up to the 135th d. In addition, it implies that these five hybrids sent newly up-taken N to kernels without degradation of the proteins and chl from the e0 leaf till the age of 135 d. High GYH 8 had degraded soluble proteins and enzymes and chl conc on e3 leaf and mobilized the degraded N to the kernels more efficiently from the e3 leaf. It is not necessary that maize hybrids must constantly maintain soluble proteins and chl conc during most of early to mid GF for high GY. Instead, diagnostic decline of the soluble protein and chl conc during early to mid GF also accelerate GF phenomena.

Comparison of rotations in which barley for grain follows woollypod vetch or forage barley

1987 ◽  
Vol 108 (3) ◽  
pp. 609-615 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Papastylianou ◽  
Th. Samios
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Dry Matter Yield ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Total Soil ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Total Soil N

SummaryUsing data from rotation studies in which barley or woollypod vetch were included, both cut for hay and preceding barley for grain, it is shown that forage barley gave higher dry-matter yield than woollypod vetch (3·74 v. 2·92 t/ha per year). However, the latter gave feedingstuff of higher nitrogen concentration and yield (86 kg N/ha per year for vetch v. 55 kg N/ha per year for barley). Rainfall was an important factor in controlling the yield of the two forages and the comparison between them in different years and sites. Barley following woollypod vetch gave higher grain yield than when following forage barley (2·36 v. 1·91 t/ha). Rotation sequences which included woollypod vetch had higher output of nitrogen (N) than input of fertilizer N with a positive value of 44–60 kg N/ha per year. In rotations where forage barley was followed by barley for grain the N balance between output and input was 5–6 kg N/ha. Total soil N was similar in the different rotations at the end of a 7-year period.

Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Water Contents During Grain Development and Maturation in Wheat

1977 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Sofield ◽  
IF Wardlaw ◽  
LT Evans ◽  
SY Zee
Keyword(s):  
Grain Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Calcium Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Water Entry ◽  
Grain Development ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Steady Rate

Plants of five cultivars of wheat were grown under controlled-environmental conditions in order to analyse the effect of cultivar and of temperature and illuminance after anthesis on the accumulation of nitrogen and phosphorus by grains in relation to dry matter. The water relations of the grain during maturation were also examined, using calcium content as an index of water entry. The nitrogen and phosphorus contents of grains increased linearly throughout the grain growth period. The percentage of nitrogen and phosphorus in grains fell sharply during the first few days after anthesis but rose progressively thereafter. The higher the temperature, and the lower the illuminance, the higher was the percentage of nitrogen in the grain of all cultivars. Such conditions also reduce final grain size, but their effects on nitrogen concentration in the grain were apparent early in grain development. No evidence was found of a flush of nitrogen or phosphorus into the grain late in its development. Water entry into the grain continued at a steady rate until maximum grain dry weight was reached, then ceased suddenly. No evidence was found of an increased rate of water loss by the grain at that stage, and the rapid fall in water content at the cessation of grain growth may have been due to blockage of the chalazal zone of entry into the grain by the deposition of lipids. Accumulation of dry matter, nitrogen and phosphorus and entry of water into the grain all ceased at the time of lipid deposition in the chalazal zone.

scholarly journals Genotypic Variationin Dry Weight and Nitrogen Concentration of Wheat Plant Parts; Relations to Grain Yield and Grain Protein Concentration

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Hafeez Malik ◽  
Allan Andersson ◽  
Ramune Kuktaite ◽  
Muhammad Yaqub Mujahid ◽  
Bismillah Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Plant Parts

Dry Matter, Nodulation and Nutrient Uptake in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) as Influenced by Irrigation and Phosphorus

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Parihar ◽  
R. S. Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Irrigation Water ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Pan Evaporation ◽  
Eastern India

SUMMARYThe response of chickpea to irrigation and phosphorus was studied at Kharagpur in Eastern India. Irrigation scheduling was based on the ratio between irrigation water applied and cumulative pan evaporation (ID/CPE), and had little effect on dry matter accumulation. Increasing the frequency and amount of irrigation reduced the number and dry weight of nodules per plant, which increased to a maximum 70 days after sowing and then declined. Irrigation significantly reduced grain yield as a result of excessive vegetative growth at the expense of pod formation. Application of phosphorus promoted nodulation and increased both nodule dry weight and the concentration of N, P and K in grain and stover. Uptake of N, P and K by the crop was also increased.

Response of fieldpea (Pisum sativum L. var arvense) to various planting methods, irrigation schedule and weed management practices

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brijbhooshan ◽  
V. K. Singh ◽  
Shalini
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Planting Methods ◽  
Raised Bed ◽  
Hand Weeding

A field experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2007-08 and 2008-09 on mollisols at G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar to study the performance of fieldpea (Pisum sativum L.var arvense) under different planting methods, irrigation levels and weed management practices. Results revealed that growth attributes as plant height, number of branches and dry matter accumulation per plant, number and dry weight of nodules per plant, density and dry matter of weeds/unit area, nutrient uptake and yield attributes as pods/plant, 1000-grain weight, grain yield/plant and grain yield of fieldpea were significantly higher under raised bed planting as compared to flat bed. Planting on raised bed increased grain yield of fieldpea by 17.5% over flat bed. Two irrigations applied at critical stages i.e. pre-flowering and pod formation proved promising in increasing the growth, nutrient uptake, yield attributes and grain yield of pea. One hand weeding done at 25 days after sowing (DAS) reduced the density and dry matter of weeds significantly and one hand weeding done at 25 DAS increased the values of growth attributes, number and dry weight of nodules, nutrient uptake, yield attributes and grain yield as compared to pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i./ha applied as pre-emergence and weedy check.

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