scholarly journals There and back again: Putting the vectorial movement planning hypothesis to a critical test

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Kobak ◽  
Simone Cardoso de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Learning Effect ◽  
Confounding Factor ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Movement Planning ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Visuomotor Transformation ◽  
Critical Test ◽  
Visuomotor Rotation ◽  
Psychophysical Studies ◽  
Back Task

Based on psychophysical evidence about how learning of visuomotor transformation generalizes, it has been suggested that movements are planned on the basis of movement direction and magnitude, i.e. the vector connecting movement origin and targets. This notion is also known under the term “vectorial planning hypothesis”. Previous psychophysical studies, however, have included separate areas of the workspace for training movements and testing the learning. This study eliminates this confounding factor by investigating the transfer of learning from forward to backward movements in a center-out-and-back task, in which the workspace for both movements is completely identical. Visual feedback allowed for learning only during movements towards the target (forward movements) and not while moving back to the origin (backward movements). When subjects learned the visuomotor rotation in forward movements, initial directional errors in backward movements also decreased to some degree. This learning effect in backward movements occurred predominantly when backward movements featured the same movement directions as the ones trained in forward movements (i.e., when opposite targets were presented). This suggests that learning was transferred in a direction specific way, supporting the notion that movement direction is the most prominent parameter used for motor planning.

scholarly journals There and back again: Putting the vectorial movement planning hypothesis to a critical test

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Kobak ◽  
Simone Cardoso de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Learning Effect ◽  
Confounding Factor ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Movement Planning ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Visuomotor Transformation ◽  
Critical Test ◽  
Visuomotor Rotation ◽  
Psychophysical Studies ◽  
Back Task

Based on psychophysical evidence about how learning of visuomotor transformation generalizes, it has been suggested that movements are planned on the basis of movement direction and magnitude, i.e. the vector connecting movement origin and targets. This notion is also known under the term “vectorial planning hypothesis”. Previous psychophysical studies, however, have included separate areas of the workspace for training movements and testing the learning. This study eliminates this confounding factor by investigating the transfer of learning from forward to backward movements in a center-out-and-back task, in which the workspace for both movements is completely identical. Visual feedback allowed for learning only during movements towards the target (forward movements) and not while moving back to the origin (backward movements). When subjects learned the visuomotor rotation in forward movements, initial directional errors in backward movements also decreased to some degree. This learning effect in backward movements occurred predominantly when backward movements featured the same movement directions as the ones trained in forward movements (i.e., when opposite targets were presented). This suggests that learning was transferred in a direction specific way, supporting the notion that movement direction is the most prominent parameter used for motor planning.

scholarly journals There and back again: putting the vectorial movement planning hypothesis to a critical test

PeerJ ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. e342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Kobak ◽  
Simone Cardoso de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Movement Planning ◽  
Critical Test

scholarly journals Motor learning reveals the existence of multiple codes for movement planning

2012 ◽  
Vol 108 (10) ◽  
pp. 2708-2716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd E. Hudson ◽  
Michael S. Landy
Keyword(s):  
Target Location ◽  
Movement Planning ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Final Position ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Circular Distribution ◽  
Movement Vector ◽  
Definitive Evidence ◽  
Position Code ◽  
Identical Task

Coordinate systems for movement planning are comprised of an anchor point (e.g., retinocentric coordinates) and a representation (encoding) of the desired movement. One of two representations is often assumed: a final-position code describing desired limb endpoint position and a vector code describing movement direction and extent. The existence of movement-planning systems using both representations is controversial. In our experiments, participants completed reaches grouped by target location (providing practice for a final-position code) and the same reaches grouped by movement vector (providing vector-code practice). Target-grouped reaches resulted in the isotropic (circular) distribution of errors predicted for position-coded reaches. The identical reaches grouped by vector resulted in error ellipses aligned with the reach direction, as predicted for vector-coded reaches. Manipulating only recent movement history to provide better learning for one or the other movement code, we provide definitive evidence that both movement representations are used in the identical task.

scholarly journals Motor planning brings human primary somatosensory cortex into action-specific preparatory states

eLife ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giacomo Ariani ◽  
J Andrew Pruszynski ◽  
Jörn Diedrichsen
Keyword(s):  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Movement Planning ◽  
Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Motor planning plays a critical role in producing fast and accurate movement. Yet, the neural processes that occur in human primary motor and somatosensory cortex during planning, and how they relate to those during movement execution, remain poorly understood. Here we used 7T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and a delayed movement paradigm to study single finger movement planning and execution. The inclusion of no-go trials and variable delays allowed us to separate what are typically overlapping planning and execution brain responses. Although our univariate results show widespread deactivation during finger planning, multivariate pattern analysis revealed finger-specific activity patterns in contralateral primary somatosensory cortex (S1), which predicted the planned finger action. Surprisingly, these activity patterns were as informative as those found in contralateral primary motor cortex (M1). Control analyses ruled out the possibility that the detected information was an artifact of subthreshold movements during the preparatory delay. Furthermore, we observed that finger-specific activity patterns during planning were highly correlated to those during execution. These findings reveal that motor planning activates the specific S1 and M1 circuits that are engaged during the execution of a finger press, while activity in both regions is overall suppressed. We propose that preparatory states in S1 may improve movement control through changes in sensory processing or via direct influence of spinal motor neurons.

scholarly journals Modulation of Initial Movement for Double Potential Targets With Specific Time Constraints

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryoji Onagawa ◽  
Kazutoshi Kudo
Keyword(s):  
Motor Planning ◽  
Time Constraint ◽  
Movement Planning ◽  
Time Constraints ◽  
Specific Time ◽  
Target Condition ◽  
Single Target ◽  
Goal Directed Behavior ◽  
Initial Movement

Abstract In goal-directed behavior, individuals are often required to plan and execute a movement with multiple competing reach targets simultaneously. The time constraint assigned to the target is an important factor that affect the initial movement planning, but the adjustments made to the starting behavior considering the time constraints specific to each target have not yet been clarified. The current study examined how humans adjusted their motor planning for double potential targets with independent time constraints under a go-before-you-know situation. The results revealed that the initial movements were modulated depending on the time constraints for potential targets. However, under tight time constraints, the performance in the double-target condition was lower than the single-target condition, which was a control condition implemented to estimate performance when one target is ignored. These results indicate that the initial movement for multiple potential targets with independent time constraints can be modified, but the planning is suboptimal.

scholarly journals Eye movement planning on Single-Sensor-Single-Indicator displays is vulnerable to user anxiety and cognitive load

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Allsop ◽  
Rob Gray ◽  
Heinrich Bülthoff ◽  
Lewis Chuang
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Planning ◽  
Data Visualisation ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Single Indicator ◽  
Single Sensor ◽  
Indicator Data ◽  
Back Task

In this study, we demonstrate the effects of anxiety and cognitive load on eye movement planning in an instrument flight task adhering to a single-sensor-single-indicator data visualisation design philosophy. The task was performed in neutral and anxiety conditions, while a low or high cognitive load, auditory n-back task was also performed. Cognitive load led to a reduction in the number of transitions between instruments, and impaired task performance. Changes in self-reported anxiety between the neutral and anxiety conditions positively correlated with changes in the randomness of eye movements between instruments, but only when cognitive load was high. Taken together, the results suggest that both cognitive load and anxiety impact gaze behavior, and that these effects should be explored when designing data visualization displays.

scholarly journals Prolonged response time helps eliminate residual errors in visuomotor adaptation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Langsdorf ◽  
Jana Maresch ◽  
Mathias Hegele ◽  
Samuel D. McDougle ◽  
Raphael Schween
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Visuomotor Adaptation ◽  
Movement Planning ◽  
Planning Time ◽  
Full Compensation ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Residual Errors ◽  
Prolonged Response ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff

AbstractOne persistent curiosity in visuomotor adaptation tasks is that participants often do not reach maximal performance. This incomplete asymptote has been explained as a consequence of obligatory computations within the implicit adaptation system, such as an equilibrium between learning and forgetting. A body of recent work has shown that in standard adaptation tasks, cognitive strategies operate alongside implicit learning. We reasoned that incomplete learning in adaptation tasks may primarily reflect a speed-accuracy tradeoff on time-consuming motor planning. Across three experiments, we find evidence supporting this hypothesis, showing that hastened motor planning may primarily lead to under-compensation. When an obligatory waiting period was administered before movement start, participants were able to fully counteract imposed perturbations (Experiment 1). Inserting the same delay between trials – rather than during movement planning – did not induce full compensation, suggesting that the motor planning interval influences the learning asymptote (Experiment 2). In the last experiment (Experiment 3), we asked participants to continuously report their movement intent. We show that emphasizing explicit re-aiming strategies (and concomitantly increasing planning time) also lead to complete asymptotic learning. Findings from all experiments support the hypothesis that incomplete adaptation is, in part, the result of an intrinsic speed-accuracy tradeoff, perhaps related to cognitive strategies that require parametric attentional reorienting from the visual target to the goal.

scholarly journals Prolonged reaction times help to eliminate residual errors in visuomotor adaptation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Langsdorf ◽  
Jana Maresch ◽  
Mathias Hegele ◽  
Samuel D. McDougle ◽  
Raphael Schween
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Strategies ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Visuomotor Adaptation ◽  
Movement Planning ◽  
Planning Time ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Full Compensation ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Residual Errors

AbstractOne persistent curiosity in visuomotor adaptation tasks is that participants often do not reach maximal performance. This incomplete asymptote has been explained as a consequence of obligatory computations within the implicit adaptation system, such as an equilibrium between learning and forgetting. A body of recent work has shown that in standard adaptation tasks, cognitive strategies operate alongside implicit learning. We reasoned that incomplete learning in adaptation tasks may primarily reflect a speed-accuracy trade-off on time-consuming motor planning. Across three experiments, we find evidence supporting this hypothesis, showing that hastened motor planning may primarily lead to under-compensation. When an obligatory waiting period was administered before movement start, participants were able to fully counteract imposed perturbations (experiment 1). Inserting the same delay between trials - rather than during movement planning - did not induce full compensation, suggesting that the motor planning interval predicts the learning asymptote (experiment 2). In the last experiment, we asked participants to continuously report their movement intent. We show that emphasizing explicit re-aiming strategies (and concomitantly increasing planning time) also lead to complete asymptotic learning. Findings from all experiments support the hypothesis that incomplete adaptation is, in part, the result of an intrinsic speed-accuracy trade-off, perhaps related to cognitive strategies that require parametric attentional reorienting from the visual target to the goal.

scholarly journals Low-dimensional and monotonic preparatory activity in mouse anterior lateral motor cortex

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidehiko K. Inagaki ◽  
Miho Inagaki ◽  
Sandro Romani ◽  
Karel Svoboda
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Planning ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Preparatory Activity ◽  
Mixed Coding ◽  
Low Dimensional

AbstractNeurons in multiple brain regions fire trains of action potentials anticipating specific movements, but this ‘preparatory activity’ has rarely been compared across behavioral tasks in the same brain region. We compared preparatory activity in auditory and tactile delayed-response tasks, with directional licking as the output. The anterior lateral motor cortex (ALM) is necessary for motor planning in both tasks. Multiple features of ALM preparatory activity during the delay epoch were similar across tasks. First, majority of neurons showed direction-selective activity and spatially intermingled neurons were selective for either movement direction. Second, many cells showed mixed coding of sensory stimulus and licking direction, with a bias toward licking direction. Third, delay activity was largely monotonic and low-dimensional. Fourth, pairs of neurons with similar direction selectivity showed high spike-count correlations. Our study forms the foundation to analyze the neural circuits underlying preparatory activity in a genetically tractable model organism.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document