scholarly journals The Cost of School-Based Educational Technology Programs

10.7249/mr634 ◽  
1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brent Keltner ◽  
Randy Ross
Keyword(s):  
Educational Technology ◽  
School Based ◽  
Technology Programs ◽  
The Cost

Concordance between clinician, supervisor and observer ratings of therapeutic competence in CBT and treatment as usual: does clinician competence or supervisor session observation improve agreement?

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
EB Caron ◽  
Michela A. Muggeo ◽  
Heather R. Souer ◽  
Jeffrey E. Pella ◽  
Golda S. Ginsburg
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Rater Training ◽  
Treatment As Usual ◽  
School Based ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Evidence Based Treatments ◽  
Therapeutic Competence ◽  
Observer Ratings ◽  
The Cost

AbstractBackground:Lowering the cost of assessing clinicians’ competence could promote the scalability of evidence-based treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT).Aims:This study examined the concordance between clinicians’, supervisors’ and independent observers’ session-specific ratings of clinician competence in school-based CBT and treatment as usual (TAU). It also investigated the association between clinician competence and supervisory session observation and rater agreement.Method:Fifty-nine school-based clinicians (90% female, 73% Caucasian) were randomly assigned to implement TAU or modular CBT for youth anxiety. Clinicians rated their confidence after each therapy session (n = 1898), and supervisors rated clinicians’ competence after each supervision session (n = 613). Independent observers rated clinicians’ competence from audio recordings (n = 395).Results:Patterns of rater discrepancies differed between the TAU and CBT groups. Correlations with independent raters were low across groups. Clinician competence and session observation were associated with higher agreement among TAU, but not CBT, supervisors and clinicians.Conclusions:These results support the gold standard practice of obtaining independent ratings of adherence and competence in implementation contexts. Further development of measures and/or rater training methods for clinicians and supervisors is needed.

scholarly journals A Cost Analysis of School-Based Lifestyle Interventions

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 716-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marije Oosterhoff ◽  
Hans Bosma ◽  
Onno C.P. van Schayck ◽  
Manuela A. Joore
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
First Year ◽  
Lifestyle Interventions ◽  
Stakeholder Perspectives ◽  
School Based ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Offsets

Abstract A uniform approach for costing school-based lifestyle interventions is currently lacking. The objective of this study was to develop a template for costing primary school-based lifestyle interventions and apply this to the costing of the “Healthy Primary School of the Future” (HPSF) and the “Physical Activity School” (PAS), which aim to improve physical activity and dietary behaviors. Cost-effectiveness studies were reviewed to identify the cost items. Societal costs were reflected by summing up the education, household and leisure, labor and social security, and health perspectives. Cost inputs for HPSF and PAS were obtained for the first year after implementation. In a scenario analysis, the costs were explored for a hypothetical steady state. From a societal perspective, the per child costs were €2.7/$3.3 (HPSF) and €− 0.3/$− 0.4 (PAS) per day during the first year after implementation, and €1.0/$1.2 and €− 1.3/$− 1.6 in a steady state, respectively (2016 prices). The highest costs were incurred by the education perspective (first year: €8.7/$10.6 (HPSF) and €4.0/$4.9 (PAS); steady state: €6.1/$7.4 (HPSF) and €2.1/$2.6 (PAS)), whereas most of the cost offsets were received by the household and leisure perspective (first year: €− 6.0/$− 7.3 (HPSF) and €− 4.4/$− 5.4 (PAS); steady state: €− 5.0/$− 6.1 (HPSF) and €− 3.4/$− 4.1 (PAS)). The template proved helpful for costing HPSF and PAS from various stakeholder perspectives. The costs for the education sector were fully (PAS) and almost fully (HPSF) compensated by the savings within the household sector. Whether the additional costs of HPSF over PAS represent value for money will depend on their relative effectiveness.

A Mixed-Methods Approach for Embedding Cost Analysis Within Fidelity Assessment in School-Based Programs

2020 ◽  
pp. 019874292094485
Author(s):  
Catherine P. Bradshaw ◽  
Katrina J. Debnam ◽  
Daniel Player ◽  
Brooks Bowden ◽  
Sarah Lindstrom Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Methods ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Case Illustration ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Potential Cost ◽  
School Based ◽  
Fidelity Assessment ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Fidelity Implementation

This mixed-methods study describes a framework for conducting cost analyses of school-based programs leveraging fidelity data and applying the ingredients method. We illustrate this approach by applying it to Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS), drawing on multiple sources of data from a sample of 77 schools that were trained in PBIS. We concluded that the average per school cost of PBIS was US$53,216.00 (median = US$36,698), with an average per-pupil cost of US$90.00 (median = US$58.00), which is considerably less than other school-based prevention models. The cost did, however, differ by implementation level, such that high-fidelity implementation tended to cost more than low-fidelity implementation. We provide a case illustration to elucidate some of the cost drivers of PBIS implementation. Specifically, these data highlight the variability in the amount of training and coaching by the specific evidence-based program implemented within the tiered PBIS framework. Through this case illustration, we demonstrate the utility of tracking costs of school-based program within the context of fidelity data collection. The findings also suggest the potential cost savings of PBIS, both when compared with other evidence-based interventions as well as the known costs of negative school outcomes like dropout.

scholarly journals An Economic Evaluation of a Comprehensive School-Based Caries Prevention Program

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 378-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.S. Huang ◽  
R.R. Ruff ◽  
R. Niederman
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Incremental Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Prevention Programs ◽  
Caries Prevention ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Posterior Teeth ◽  
School Based ◽  
The Cost

Introduction: Current economic evaluations of school-based caries prevention programs (SCPPs) do not compare multiple types of SCPPs against each other and do not consider teeth beyond permanent first molars. Objectives: To assess the cost-effectiveness of a comprehensive SCPP relative to an SCPP focused on delivering sealants for permanent first molars only and to a default of no SCPP. Based on a societal perspective, a simulation model was used that compared the health and cost impacts on 1) permanent first molars only and 2) all posterior teeth. Methods: To calibrate the model, we used data from CariedAway, a comprehensive SCPP that used glass ionomer to prevent and arrest active decay among children. We then evaluated the incremental cost-effectiveness of implementing 3 alternate school-based approaches (comprehensive, sealant only, and no program) on only first molars and all posterior teeth. Probabilistic, 1-, and 2-way sensitivity analyses are included for robustness. Cost-effectiveness is assessed with a threshold of $54,639 per averted disability-adjusted life year (DALY). Results: We first compared the 3 programs under the assumption of treating only first molars. This assessment indicated that CariedAway was less cost-effective than school-based sealant programs (SSPs): the resulting incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for CariedAway versus SSPs was $283,455 per averted DALY. However, when the model was extended to include CariedAway’s treatment of all posterior teeth, CariedAway was not only cost-effective but also cost-saving relative to SSPs (ICER, –$943,460.88 per averted DALY; net cost, –$261.45) and no SCPP (ICER, –$400,645.52 per averted DALY; net cost, –$239.77). Conclusions: This study finds that economic evaluations assessing only cost and health impacts on permanent first molars may underestimate the cost-effectiveness of comprehensive SCPPs 1) preventing and arresting decay and 2) treating all teeth. Hence, there is an urgent need for economic evaluations of SCPPs to assess cost and health impacts across teeth beyond only permanent first molars. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The results of this study can be used by policy makers to understand how to evaluate economic evaluations of school-based caries prevention programs and what factors to consider when deciding on what types of programs to implement.

Research of Teacher Education Technology Capacity and Training Modes

2014 ◽  
Vol 635-637 ◽  
pp. 2063-2066
Author(s):  
Bo Li
Keyword(s):  
Teacher Education ◽  
Educational Technology ◽  
Online Education ◽  
Complex Method ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
School Based ◽  
Training Mode ◽  
Remote Training ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
And Training

This article first defines the meaning of educational technology and the ability of educational technology is divided into five levels, and the hierarchical structure of a rational argument; then to primary and secondary schools in the region for the sample of students and teachers conducted a survey to find out the ability of educational technology in the school and their teachers feedback on the training focuses on the training mode, this proposed training program for school teachers. Discussion on the training mode, the paper proposes a "complex method" training mode from the macro, in the form of centralized training and school-based training combined with training and noted that currently favored by teachers is still focused on face-linear form of training, but with the development of technological capabilities to improve teacher education and online education, the paper forecasts the network remote training will become a mainstream mode of training.

scholarly journals Economic Evaluation of a School-based Combined Program with a Targeted Pit and Fissure Sealant and Fluoride Mouth Rinse in Japan

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 230-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shihoko Sakuma ◽  
Akihiro Yoshihara ◽  
Hideo Miyazaki ◽  
Seigo Kobayashi
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Mouth Rinse ◽  
Benefit Ratio ◽  
Fissure Sealant ◽  
Program Cost ◽  
School Based ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost

Background: In Niigata prefecture, Japan, a system has been developed based on a school-based fluoride mouth rinse program as follows; students with caries susceptible teeth are screened in a school dental examination, and encouraged to receive sealant placement in local dental clinics. However, the cost-effectiveness of sealant application in the public health has been questioned. The aim of this study was to estimate of the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit ratio for a school-based combined program with fluoride mouth rinse and targeted fissure sealant in children residing in non-fluoridated areas in Japan. Participants: The analysis was based on comparing an intervention group with two cohorts in the 8-year-old (n=66) and 11-year-old (n=58) participating in the combined program for four and seven years, respectively, with a control group of the same grades (n=43 and n=54 respectively). Methods: The study measured mean differences in number of decayed and filled teeth (DFT) between the study groups and a combined program cost per child during study periods. The cost-effectiveness ratio was expressed as an individual annual program cost per DFT averted. In the cost-benefit ratio the mean difference in treatment cost between groups (program benefit) was compared to program cost. Results: The mean reduced DFT differences between groups were 1.44 in 8-year-old and 3.17 in 11-year-old children. The cost-effectiveness ratio was ¥ 493 in the 8-year-old and ¥ 202 in the 11-year-old, respectively. The cost-benefit ratio was 1.84 in 8-year-old children and 2.42 in 11-year-old. Conclusion: This combined program indicated acceptable cost-effectiveness and cost –benefit ratio.

scholarly journals Implementation Strategy and Cost of Mozambique’s HPV vaccine demonstration project

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Soi ◽  
Joseph B. Babigumira ◽  
Baltazar Chilundo ◽  
Vasco Muchanga ◽  
Luisa Matsinhe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
National Level ◽  
Demonstration Project ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
School Based ◽  
Demand Creation ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mean Cost

Abstract Background Cost is as an important determinant of health program implementation. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the implementation strategy of Mozambique’s school-based HPV vaccine demonstration project. We sought to estimate the total cost of the program and the cost per fully immunized girl (FIG), and to project the total cost of implementing a similar immunization program at the national level. Methods We collected primary data through document review, participatory observation, and key informant interviews with project implementers at the central offices of the national immunization program, provincial and district health directorates, and in health facilities. We used a combination of micro-costing methods— the identification and measurement of resources quantities and valuation by application of unit costs, and gross costing—the consideration of resource bundles as they apply to the number of FIGs. We extrapolated the cost per FIG to the HPV-vaccine-eligible population of Mozambique under current guidelines to demonstrate the projected total annual cost for a similarly executed HPV vaccine program. Results The total cost of the Mozambique HPV vaccine demonstration project was $523,601. The mean cost per FIG was $72 (95% CI: $62 - $83) in year one, $38 (95% CI: $37 - $40) in year two, and $54 (95% CI: $49 - $61) for years one and two. The mean cost per FIG with the third HPV vaccine dose excluded from implementation was $60 (95% CI: $50 - $72) in year one, $38 (95%CI: $31 - $46) in year two, and $48 (95%CI: $42 - $55) for years one and two. The projected annual cost of a two-dose vaccine program targeting all 10-year-old girls in the country was $18,156,549 ($15,865,384 - $20,748,196). The main cost drivers in the analysis were vaccine price, number of doses administered per recipient, program startup costs, and the costs of demand creation. Conclusion National adaptation and scale-up of Mozambique’s school-based HPV vaccine strategy would result in substantial costs. To achieve national-level HPV vaccine roll out and sustainability, stakeholders will need to negotiate vaccine prices and achieve better efficiency in startup activities and demand creation.

scholarly journals The cost-utility of school-based first permanent molar sealants programs: a Markov model

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardo Espinoza-Espinoza ◽  
Gilda Corsini ◽  
Rubén Rojas ◽  
Rodrigo Mariño ◽  
Carlos Zaror
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Markov Model ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Permanent Molar ◽  
School Based ◽  
Permanent Molars ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mean Cost

Abstract Background Evidence of the cost-effectiveness of school-based first permanent molar sealants programs is not yet fully conclusive. The aim of this study was to determine the incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) of school-based prevention programs for the application of sealants in molars of schoolchildren compared with non-intervention. Methods A cost-utility analysis based on a Markov model was carried out using probability distribution. The utility was measured in quality-adjusted tooth years (QATY). The assessment was carried out from the public payer’s perspective with a six-year time horizon. Costs and benefits were discounted at 3% per year. Only direct costs were evaluated, expressed in Chilean pesos (CLP) at 7th May at 2019 values (exchange rate USD = CLP 681.09). Univariate deterministic sensitivity analysis and probabilistic analysis were carried out. Results After a six-year follow up, the cost of sealing all first permanent molars was found to be higher than non-intervention, with a mean cost difference of USD 1.28 (CLP 875) per molar treated. The “seal all” strategy was more effective than non-intervention, generating 0.2 quality-adjusted tooth years more than non-intervention. The ICUR of the “seal all” strategy compared to non-intervention was USD 6.48 (CLP 4,412) per quality-adjusted tooth years. The sensitivity analysis showed that the increase in caries was the variable which most influenced the ICUR. Conclusions A school-based sealant program is a cost-effective measure in populations with a high prevalence of caries.

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