Congolese Military Cultural Change: A Necessary Condition For Peaceful Democratic Transition

Does democracy need sovereignty?

Review of International Studies ◽

10.1017/s0260210510001087 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 1515-1536 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

OISÍN TANSEY

Keyword(s):

Democratic Transition ◽

Empirical Support ◽

Necessary Condition ◽

Legal Recognition ◽

Complex Concept ◽

Clear Cut ◽

Democratic Rule ◽

Constituent Elements ◽

Democratic Norms

AbstractNon-state entities that aspire to statehood are increasingly developing democratic norms and practices, in part to enhance their claims for independence. However, the prospects for democracy in cases of ‘problematic sovereignty’ are little understood. This article seeks to explore the important but under-explored relationship between sovereignty and democracy, and in particular to assess the extent to which sovereignty is, or is not, a prerequisite for democracy. The article advances two arguments. First, it argues that there is no clear-cut relationship between sovereignty and democracy, as sovereignty is a complex concept that is comprised of several important, and distinct, constituent elements. Second, the article argues that the legal recognition of statehood (international legal sovereignty) is of marginal importance in this area, and should not be seen as a necessary condition for democratic rule. The article examines the process of democratic transition in the non-state entity of Somaliland to provide empirical support.

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The Infancy of Solar-Type Stars and its Relevance for the Origin of Life

International Astronomical Union Colloquium ◽

10.1017/s0252921100014780 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 161 ◽

pp. 267-282 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Thierry Montmerle

Keyword(s):

Main Sequence ◽

Solar Nebula ◽

Circumstellar Disks ◽

T Tauri Stars ◽

Necessary Condition ◽

Sequence Evolution ◽

T Tauri ◽

Solar Type ◽

Optical Domain ◽

The Origin Of Life

AbstractFor life to develop, planets are a necessary condition. Likewise, for planets to form, stars must be surrounded by circumstellar disks, at least some time during their pre-main sequence evolution. Much progress has been made recently in the study of young solar-like stars. In the optical domain, these stars are known as «T Tauri stars». A significant number show IR excess, and other phenomena indirectly suggesting the presence of circumstellar disks. The current wisdom is that there is an evolutionary sequence from protostars to T Tauri stars. This sequence is characterized by the initial presence of disks, with lifetimes ~ 1-10 Myr after the intial collapse of a dense envelope having given birth to a star. While they are present, about 30% of the disks have masses larger than the minimum solar nebula. Their disappearance may correspond to the growth of dust grains, followed by planetesimal and planet formation, but this is not yet demonstrated.

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Universal ESEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100149763 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 51 ◽

pp. 786-787

Author(s):

G.D. Danilatos

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscope ◽

Scanning Electron Microscope ◽

High Vacuum ◽

Natural Extension ◽

Necessary Condition ◽

Environmental Scanning ◽

Detection Systems ◽

Small Gain ◽

Detection Medium ◽

Scanning Electron

The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) has evolved as the natural extension of the scanning electron microscope (SEM), both historically and technologically. ESEM allows the introduction of a gaseous environment in the specimen chamber, whereas SEM operates in vacuum. One of the detection systems in ESEM, namely, the gaseous detection device (GDD) is based on the presence of gas as a detection medium. This might be interpreted as a necessary condition for the ESEM to remain operational and, hence, one might have to change instruments for operation at low or high vacuum. Initially, we may maintain the presence of a conventional secondary electron (E-T) detector in a "stand-by" position to switch on when the vacuum becomes satisfactory for its operation. However, the "rough" or "low vacuum" range of pressure may still be considered as inaccessible by both the GDD and the E-T detector, because the former has presumably very small gain and the latter still breaks down.

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Information and Communication Technology and Cultural Change

Social Psychology ◽

10.1027/1864-9335/a000123 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 222-231 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Nina Hansen ◽

Tom Postmes ◽

Nikita van der Vinne ◽

Wendy van Thiel

Keyword(s):

Cultural Values ◽

Information And Communication Technology ◽

Communication Technology ◽

Cultural Change ◽

Control Group ◽

Self Construal ◽

Information And Communication ◽

The Impact ◽

Ict For Development ◽

Practical Implications

This paper studies whether and how information and communication technology (ICT) changes self-construal and cultural values in a developing country. Ethiopian children were given laptops in the context of an ICT for development scheme. We compared children who used laptops (n = 69) with a control group without laptops (n = 76) and a second control group of children whose laptop had broken down (n = 24). Results confirmed that after 1 year of laptop usage, the children’s self-concept had become more independent and children endorsed individualist values more strongly. Interestingly, the impact of laptop usage on cultural values was mediated by self-construal (moderated mediation). Importantly, modernization did not “crowd out” traditional culture: ICT usage was not associated with a reduction in traditional expressions (interdependent self-construal, collectivist values). Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

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