Reflexivity and Objectivity

Film Studies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-21
Author(s):  
Louise Dumas
Keyword(s):  
Third Reich ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Postwar Germany ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Reich

By focusing on Helmut Käutner’s In Those Days/Stories of a Car (In jenen Tagen, 1947) this article analyses the role of the car as a cinematic object. The automobile is the narrator of Käutner’s film: by giving voice to an object to discuss the Third Reich, Käutner raises – as it is often the case in the ‘rubble films’ – the question of objectivity when dealing with the recent past. At the same time, through the motif of the automobile, which Käutner uses a reflection of and on cinema, the director questions the role that the filmic medium can or should play in postwar Germany.

The role of psychopharmacology in the medical abuses of the Third Reich: From euthanasia programmes to human experimentation

2008 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 388-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco López-Muñoz ◽  
Cecilio Alamo ◽  
Pilar García-García ◽  
Juan D. Molina ◽  
Gabriel Rubio
Keyword(s):  
Third Reich ◽  
Human Experimentation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Reich

Unresolved Questions of German Medicine and Medical History in the Past and Present

1992 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael H. Kater
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
Weimar Republic ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Second Empire ◽  
Sociology Of Medicine ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Victim Status ◽  
The Third Reich

While in recent years a great deal has been written to clarify Germany's medical past, the picture is not yet complete in several important respects. In the realm of the sociology of medicine, for example, we still do not know enough about physicianpatient relationships from, say, the founding of the Second Empire to the present. On the assumption, based on the meager evidence available, that this relationship had an authoritarian structure from the physician on downward, did it have anything to do with the shape of German medicine in the Weimar Republic and, later, the Third Reich? Another relative unknown is the role of Jews in the development of medicine as a profession in Germany. Surely volumes could be written on the significant influence Jews have exerted on medicine in its post-Wilhelmian stages, as well as the irreversible victim status Jewish doctors were forced to assume after Hitler's ascension to power

Polish Police of the General Government in the Occupational Security System of the Third Reich

2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (3) ◽  
pp. 50-67
Author(s):  
Henryk Ćwięk
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Population ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
The Third ◽  
General Government ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Resistance Movement

After the defence war in 1939 was lost, the authorities of the Third Reich forced Polish State Police offi cers to serve in the occupier’s security structures in the General Government. This formation was used to implement various activities directed against the Polish nation. The policy of the Nazi authorities varied depending on the existing priorities in this regard. The Germans carried out brutal pacifi cation operations directed mainly against the Jewish population using Polish police. One should not forget about the harmful actions of Polish policemen against Jews. The tragic part of the occupation history of the Polish police was their participation in operations against the resistance movement. Collaboration in the Polish police was a part of this phenomenon in the General Government. The cooperation of Polish policemen with the resistance movement deserves attention. They made a signifi cant contribution to the preparation and implementation of subversive actions as well as the execution of attacks and sentences. They were present on almost all fronts of underground activity. Knowledge of the role of the Polish police in the dark period of the occupation is not satisfactory and requires further research.

Women's Labor Service in Nazi Germany

1982 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 241-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Third Reich ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
National Community ◽  
The Third ◽  
Spiritual Leader ◽  
Labor Service ◽  
Women And Children ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
German People

The totalitarian pretensions of the Nazi party's leadership are nowhere better illustrated than in the belief that the entire German people could be “educated” to a sense of service to the Volk, that mythical national community whose sum was allegedly infinitely greater than its parts. Excluded from real power in the state— whatever was claimed about “the unity of party and state”—the party in the Third Reich assumed the role of “spiritual leader” of the community, with the task of reorienting the aspirations of men, women, and children away from the satisfaction of personal desires and ambitions and toward service. Germans were not merely to accept passively the wisdom of the regime's policies, but were positively to channel their concern and their energy into supporting them. In this way, ran the message, they would find deeper satisfaction than in the pursuit of selfish pleasure.

Defender of Minorities: Germany in the League of Nations, 1926–1933

1972 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 330-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carole Fink
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Weimar Republic ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Reich

Germany under the Weimar Republic played the role of champion of minorities in Europe. A combination of revisionist hopes, völkisch arrogance, and humanitarian concern for the fate of lost kin motivated the Minderheitenpolitik of the Reich. Most historians have interpreted this episode as a link between the imperialism of Wilhelmian Germany and that of the Third Reich, a refinement—dictated by weakness—of Berlin's continuing efforts to dominate Eastern Europe.

The Role of Private Property in the Nazi Economy: The Case of Industry

2006 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 390-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTOPH BUCHHEIM ◽  
JONAS SCHERNER
Keyword(s):  
Private Property ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
The State ◽  
Freedom Of Contract ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Reich

Private property in the industry of the Third Reich is often considered a mere nominal provision without much substance. However, that is not correct, because firms, despite the rationing and licensing activities of the state, still had ample scope to devise their own production and investment profiles. Even regarding war-related projects, freedom of contract was generally respected; instead of using power, the state offered firms a number of contract options to choose from. There were several motives behind this attitude of the regime, among them the conviction that private property provided important incentives for increasing efficiency.

PUTINISM AND ITS IDEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND AS A PROBLEM OF MODERN THEORETICAL DISCOURSE IN SOCIAL SCIENCIES AND HUMANITIES

2019 ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Iryna Grabovska ◽  
Tetyana Talko
Keyword(s):  
General Characteristic ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Scientific Debate ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
Conservative Revolution ◽  
Ideological Background ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Modern Analytical

The article explores the problem of the ideology of Putinism. It draws attention to the fact that in modern analytical texts about the phenomenon of Putinism, the dispute between scholars has shifted toward clarifying its ideological foundations. A few years ago, an intense scientific debate about the correctness of usage of the term "Putinism" itself took place. The authors investigate the current analytical publications on the ideological foundations of Putinism. The article points out the divergence of views of researchers on the existence of state ideological doctrine developed in the current Kremlin regime. The purpose of this article is defined as proving the fact that Putinism is not only a practical but also an ideological phenomenon of our age. The authors conclude that the ideology of Putinism exists. It seems convincing to consider Putinism as an ideological doctrine of the hybrid type, the general characteristic of which can be defined as neo-imperialism of the autocratic type with the elements of totalitarianism, "assembled" from a set of different doctrines of the past and present. Among them: Pan-Slavism, Russo-Centrism, Eurasianism and Neo-Eurasianism, Duginism (ideologically extremely close to the ideology of the Third Reich and the ideologists of the German "conservative revolution" at the same time, according to L. Lux), Messianism, Isolationism, Anti-Westernism and Anti-Americanism, Neo-Stalinism, Orthodox Fundamentalism, the role of the strong leader. Putinism as a neo-imperialist ideology is in line with the Kremlin's practice, beginning with Putin's rise to power when neo-colonial wars began on the perimeter of the former Soviet empire. It is partly orientated to suppress internal separatist movements, as it was in the case of Chechnya and partly to attempts to "gathering lands" as in the case of Georgia and now – of Ukraine.

Albert Hesse – profesor prawa gospodarczego i statystyki na Uniwersytecie Wrocławskim (1921–1945)

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-159
Author(s):  
Tomasz Kruszewski
Keyword(s):  
Weimar Republic ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Postwar Germany ◽  
East Europe ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The University

Albert Hesse was one of the most eminent German professors of economic law and statistics. He was educated at the University Hale-Wittenberg, but spent most of his life, as a researcher in Wroclaw (1921–1945). In the period of Weimar Republic, he became one of the most prominent specialists, in his fields of research. He was engaged in various activities, connect ed with international organisations and on the forum of the League of Nations. What is more, he was also, initially, a worker, and then the co-director of East Europe Institute in Wroclaw, though in 1933, after the Nazis had taken over the power, he lost this position. The time of the Third Reich, was the beginning of Hesse’s end as a researcher as threads of the national socialist ideology appeared more and more often in his academic work, which contributed to a decline in his prestige. Nonetheless, there was no solid evidence of his possible harmfulness to anybody, which allowed him to continue teaching in the postwar Germany.

Law and Justice in the Nazi SS: The Case of Konrad Morgen

1983 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
James J. Weingartner
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Context ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Political Authority ◽  
Total Power ◽  
The Third ◽  
External Power ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Law And Justice ◽  
Totalitarian State

The role of law in the totalitarian state is problematic. In principle, law and unfettered political authority are antithetical but, in practice, the two have coexisted in uneasy and unequal partnership. As the Third Reich neared its apex in terms of internal and external power, a German expatriate described it as a “dual state” in which law existed side-by-side with the dynamic, ideologically charged will of the Führer. Duality did not imply balance, however, for law survived largely as a discretionary tool of total power. Nevertheless, pretotalitarian legality was never entirely deprived of a residual potency, a fact illustrated by an unlikely agent—SS-Sturmbannführer (Major) Dr. Georg Konrad Morgen, judge in the judicial branch of the SS. But the organizational context of Morgen's career is sufficiently unfamiliar as to require elucidation.

Bonhoeffer and Political Life

2019 ◽  
pp. 330-343
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Plant
Keyword(s):  
Third Reich ◽  
Political Life ◽  
The Third ◽  
Political Views ◽  
Spiritual Authority ◽  
God's Word ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Church

This chapter begins by describing some of the influences that shaped Bonhoeffer’s political views, narrowly construed, and the central role of Martin Luther’s thought in guiding the direction of those parts of his theology that connect with political life. The chapter continues by exploring how Bonhoeffer attempted to think with and through these sources about the duties and responsibilities of governments and citizens, of the Church, and of the individual Christian in response to the Church struggle and the policies of the Third Reich. What evolved was a reworking of the orders of creation and preservation, a subtle ecology of temporal and spiritual authority under God, and an understanding of reality understood through the incarnation of Christ. This theology funded a steadfast conviction that the Church can and must speak God’s Word to the world, even to the point of standing in the place of the victims of political oppression.

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