scholarly journals Prix du pétrole et degré de stabilité de l’OPEP

2009 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antoine Ayoub

Abstract The stability of OPEC may be defined as the upholding of a high level of cohesion between the members of this organisation, in order to secure for the whole a certain level of bargaining power that everyone would think to be acceptable at a given time and in a given context. This level of cohesion is mainly estimated by the common will of members to apply rigorously a common strategy regarding the price-quantity of crude petroleum. In the long run, such a strategy would call for a common production plan in order to determine not only the total level of annual production, but also the quotas of each country, the price level and the rate of development of the capacity of production. The aim of this paper is to contribute to the bringing out of a problematic regarding such a production plan as a whole. The main topics are: (1) the necessity of OPEC, (2) the price determination of petroleum, (3) the question of the instability of a coalition. The analysis accounts for the fact that the petroleum sector produces a non-renewable resource, on the one hand, and for the environment and international constraints that the member countries of OPEC have to face in their development process, on the other hand.

2018 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 1187-1210
Author(s):  
Marie-Lola Pascal ◽  
Michel Fonteilles ◽  
Véronique Tournis ◽  
Benoît Baptiste ◽  
Jean-Louis Robert ◽  
...  

ABSTRACTBa-rich and Si-rich phlogopites occur in the talc-bearing rocks of the La Creuse sulfide ore deposit in Beaujolais, France. They form a group of compositions completely separated from the common Al-rich phlogopites that occur in the surrounding talc-free metasiltites and metarhyolites, with higher Ba and Mg and lower Al contents. The Ba-rich phlogopites have a relatively narrow compositional range (0.24 to 0.80 Ba per formula unit, for 44 valencies) with high and constant Si (5.8 atoms per formula unit, apfu) and Mg + Fe (5.6 apfu), probably buffered by the presence of talc. Compared to low-Al phlogopites from talc-free rocks, the excess charge introduced by the BaK–1 substitution is compensated by interlayer vacancies. Such a high level of interlayer vacancy (0.56 pfu), related to the talc-producing metasomatic conditions, is essential for the stability of this special group of Ba-rich and Si-rich phlogopites.Single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses were performed. Ba-rich and Si-rich phlogopite is monoclinic, space group C2/m, (R = 5.31%) with a = 5.3185(5), b = 9.2136(9), c = 10.1349(11) Å and β = 100.131(11)°. The occupancies of Mg/Fe and K/Ba were refined exploring different vacancies. The solutions giving the best R factor (4.77%) and goodness-of-fit (1.06) are obtained with 15% < vacancy < 40% at the interlayer site.


Author(s):  
A. C. Fowler ◽  
T. M. Kyrke-Smith ◽  
H. F. Winstanley

We extend the one-dimensional polymer solution theory of bacterial biofilm growth described by Winstanley et al . (2011 Proc. R. Soc. A 467 , 1449–1467 ( doi:10.1098/rspa.2010.0327 )) to deal with the problem of the growth of a patch of biofilm in more than one lateral dimension. The extension is non-trivial, as it requires consideration of the rheology of the polymer phase. We use a novel asymptotic technique to reduce the model to a free-boundary problem governed by the equations of Stokes flow with non-standard boundary conditions. We then consider the stability of laterally uniform biofilm growth, and show that the model predicts spatial instability; this is confirmed by a direct numerical solution of the governing equations. The instability results in cusp formation at the biofilm surface and provides an explanation for the common observation of patterned biofilm architectures.


2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 863-871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel Marques da Silva ◽  
Anísia Soraia Abreu Correia ◽  
Nuno Alexandre Amaral Lopes ◽  
Humberto Gil Moreira Nóbrega ◽  
José Filipe Teixeira Ganança ◽  
...  

The objective of this work was to determine the geographic origin of the Madeiran common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) gene pool. Phaseolin patterns of 50 accessions representing the diversity of common bean collected in Madeira, Portugal, and conserved in the ISOPlexis Germplasm Bank, were analysed using the Experion automated electrophoresis system, based on lab-on-a-chip technology. Five common bean standard varieties with typical phaseolin patterns were used to determine the phytogeographical origin of the Madeiran common bean accessions. Ninety two percent of the accessions exhibited a phaseolin pattern consistent with the one of common bean types belonging to the Andean gene pool, while the origin of the remaining 8% of the accessions was indistinguishable. The application of a similarity coefficient of 85%, based on Pearson correlations, increases the number of accessions with uncertain pattern. The analytical approach used permitted the determination of the origin of the common bean gene pool, which is Andean in 98% of the cases, and clustering of the observed variability among the Madeiran common beans.


2011 ◽  
pp. 41-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Akindinova ◽  
S. Aleksashenko ◽  
A. Petronevich ◽  
M. Petronevich

The primary goal of this paper is to confirm the existence of the links and receive the quantitative measurement of the correlation between the quality of institutions and dynamics of their development, on the one hand, and GDP growth, on the other. For this analysis the extended database consisting of basic macroeconomic indicators and indices of quality of institutions for 51 countries for the period 2001-2009 was used. This study provides quantitative support to the common notion that economic growth in the long run is affected by the quality of institutions. Though this numeric effect may be viewed as relatively small, in the medium run the accumulated gap in the growth rate caused by permanently lower quality of institutions can be substantial. Moreover, the radical improvement in the quality of institutions provides more significant, though not lasting, addition to the growth rate.


Author(s):  
Бронислава Рафаиловна Могилевич

Риск и неопределённость онтологически присутствуют в жизненном цикле людей, и поэтому эти проблемы всегда актуальны, особенно в современном социуме постмодерна. Информационное постиндустриальное общество характеризуется большим объёмом разнообразной информации, легко доступной для всех членов социума. С одной стороны, доступ к информации и её количество представляют собой благо, с другой стороны, люди не могут адекватно выбрать, интерпретировать и оценить новые сведения. Возникающая в этом случае неопределённость дезориентирует людей, нарушая стабильность их социокультурных коммуникативных связей. Неопределённость амбивалентна по своей природе - она субъективна как проекция личностного восприятия социальной реальности; она объективна как актуализация слома/смены социальных смыслов и институтов. Исследование о природе неопределённости и рисков едины в том, что высокий уровень неопределённости современности обусловлен такими факторами, как глобализация, информатизация и цифровизация. «Текучая современность» как социальная реальность характеризует сегодняшнюю жизнь людей в ракурсе основных концептов жизнедеятельности: свободы, индивидуальности, времени и пространства, работы и сообществ. Концепция рисков как продуктов неопределённости варьируется - от сравнения рисков с аварией на Чернобыльской АЭС до оценки рисков как мобилизующих сил. Социокультурные риски, межкультурные в частности, приобретают особую значимость в эпоху постмодерна. Выделенные 6 универсальных категорий культуры определяют межкультурную интеракцию в ракурсе учёта культурных характеристик, детерминирующих успех межкультурного взаимодействия. Теория сокращения неопределённости предлагает пути установления успешной межкультурной коммуникации. Обозначены стратегии смягчения неопределённости (пассивные, активные и интерактивные), и факторы её успеха обусловлены уровнем межкультурной компетенции коммуникантов. Следование принципам Кооперации и Вежливости способствует снижению межкультурной неопределённости и рисков как видов коммуникативного дискомфорта. Risk and uncertainty are ontologically linked with the life cycle of people, and therefore these problems are always relevant, especially in the contemporary postmodern society. The informational postindustrial society is characterized by a large amount of diverse information that is easily accessible to all members of society. On the one hand, access to information and its amount is a real value, on the other hand, people cannot adequately select, interpret and evaluate new information. The uncertainty arising in this case disorients people, disrupting the stability of their socio-cultural communicative ties. Uncertainty is ambivalent in nature - it is subjective as a projection of personal perception of social reality; it is objective as an actualization of the breakdown/change of social meanings and institutions. The study on the nature of uncertainty and risks is unanimous in the fact that the high level of uncertainty of our time is due to such factors as globalization, informatization and digitalization. “Fluid modernity” as a social reality characterizes everyday life of people from the perspective of the main concepts of life: freedom, individuality, time and space, work and communities. The concept of risks as products of uncertainty ranges from comparing risks with the Chernobyl accident to assessing risks as mobilizing forces. Socio-cultural risks, intercultural in particular, acquire special significance in the postmodern era. The identified 6 universal categories of culture define intercultural interaction from the perspective of taking into account cultural characteristics that determine the success of intercultural interaction. Uncertainty reduction theory offers ways to establish successful intercultural communication. The identified strategies for reducing uncertainty (passive, active and interactive) and the factors of its success are determined by the level of intercultural competence of the communicants. In addition, adherence to the principles of Cooperation and Politeness helps to reduce intercultural uncertainty and risks as types of communicative discomfort.


Author(s):  
Olga A. Dmitrieva ◽  
Natalia A. Vanyushina

Modern civilization space is characterized by a high level of technical and scientific discovery, however, mythological consciousness and belief in conspiracy theories still exist. The article deals with one of the popular mythologies of modern civilization – the conspiracy theory. The relevance of the presented research is due to the importance of considering from the position of linguistic and cultural understanding the mechanisms of the generation and spread of myths in the modern communicative mass consciousness, which actively appeals to mythologems, despite the highly developed science. The analysis of a wide range of theoretical sources of both Russian and foreign authors is carried out in order to comprehensively study the stated issue. The description of universal and ethnospecific mythologies of the modern civilizational space is given, which indicates both the globalization processes and the uniqueness of the value system of each country, respectively. The determination of the values that make up the conspiracy discourse, the dominant “evil”, remains constant. The analysis of the empirical research material is carried out in line with the linguistic and cultural approach with the involvement of elements of frame analysis and discourse analysis. Special attention is paid to the issues of the structure of the conspiracy theory, as well as to the conspiratorial discourse, within which the frame «conspiracy theory» gets its implementation. When describing the «Conspiracy Mystery» frame, its hierarchically ordered structure is noted, which consists of interconnected subframes and slots. The analysis made it possible to determine the common characteristics of the «conspiracy theory» frame, as well as to identify areas of ethno-cultural reflection. The structure of the conspiracy discourse is described: participants, chronotope, value priorities, and strategies. It is noted that most of the theories under consideration are universal, but local ones that are widespread within a certain state remain.


1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis J. Edinger

A good deal has been heard in recent years concerning the “liberation” of peoples living under totalitarian rule, but the question of who are the men who succeed to the leadership of a state after the fall of its totalitarian rulers has received relatively little attention. Such observations as have been made on the subject, whether by political opponents of a totalitarian regime or by professional social scientists, have tended to follow implicitly—if not explicitly—the theory of alternating elites. There is assumed to be, on the one hand, a more or less homogeneous totalitarian elite, and, on the other, an actual or potential counter-elite, representing the political antithesis to the totalitarian elite. The stability of the rule of the former is said to vary inversely with the degree of organization of the latter. The totalitarian elite is variously identified with the holders of high positions in the totalitarian system, with the “responsible leaders,” with an entire ruling class, or simply with those individuals who are said to be influential in the determination of national policy. The counter-elite is identified with the active overt and covert opponents of the totalitarian elite—resistance leaders, the “vanguard of the proletariat,” prominent exiles, and “men on whose backs in concentration camps the lash has written the new gospel in blood and tears.” Both elite and counter-elite are thus seen as directly, actively involved in the totalitarian system, either as its leaders or as its opponents.Revolution, in this schema, is identified with the destruction of the totalitarian elite and its replacement by the counter-elite. Or, conversely, the destruction of the totalitarian elite is an act of revolution and will result in the emergence of the counter-elite to power. It is an attractively simple thesis, and it warrants investigation.


2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 870
Author(s):  
Idoia Otaegui Aizpurua

Resumen: La determinación de la correcta competencia judicial internacional en procedimientos relativos a la responsabilidad parental, reviste una relevancia especial por las consecuencias finales que dicha determinación tiene sobre los menores, principales destinatarios de las medidas que los tribunales competentes adoptarán sobre ellos. Si a ello le añadimos una situación de residencia habitual en Estados miembros diferentes y de litispendencia internacional, la complejidad del caso aumenta. Afortunadamente, las disposiciones comunes del Reglamento Bruselas II bis establecen unos criterios claros para la solución de los conflictos de competencia como el planteado en el caso objeto de análisis.Palabras clave: Reglamento “Bruselas II bis”. Litispendencia. Competencia judicial internacional. Responsabilidad parental. Residencia habitual del menor.Abstract: The determination of the proper international jurisdiction in proceedings related to parental responsibility is particularly relevant due to the final consequences that this determination has on minors, main addressees of the measures that the competent courts will adopt on them. If we add to this a situation of habitual residence in different Member States and an international lis pendens foreclosure, the complexity of the case increases. Fortunately, the common rules of the Brussels II bis Regulation set clear criteria for the resolution of conflicts of competence such as the one raised in the case under analysis.Keywords: “Brussels II bis” Regulation. Lis pendens. International jurisdiction. Parental responsibility. Habitual residence of the child.


2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 18-22
Author(s):  
Larisa Moroz ◽  
Eltun Engibar Ogli Musaev ◽  
Olga Androsova ◽  
Irina Davydyuk

Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) it is not exceptionally medical problem but a significant social and economic threat, taking into account the unfavorable consequences of this disease: cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. And as a result - the high level of disability. In the article are presented the results of examination of 41 patients with chronic hepatitis C, with 1 genotype, who received the antiviral therapy (AVT). All patients underwent determination of the level of 5-hydroxycholeсalсeferol (25-OH vit D3), vitamin D and also the study of IL-28B polymorphism as the one of predicators of response to AVT. It was demonstrated, that in patients with hepatitis was observed the deficit of 25-OH vit D3 and general vitamin D. It was established, that in patients with the normal 25-OH vit D3 level SVR (stable viral response) was observed in 1,4 times more often than in patients with deficit of 25-OH vit D3. That is the level of 25-OH vit D3 can be considered as a predicator of SVR to AVT.


Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (7) ◽  
pp. 1275-1280
Author(s):  
H. Tsukaya

One-leaf plants, belonging to the family Gesneriaceae, were described for the first time more than 150 years ago. One such unusual plant, Monophyllaea, has only one leaf at maturity. Only one of the two cotyledons grows continuously, without the formation of true leaves, and this feature, known as anisocotyledonous development, has been repeatedly mentioned in textbooks of plant morphology. However, the mechanism for the determination of the one-leaf phenotype remains to be ascertained. In this study, meristematic regions were identified, by monitoring DNA synthesis, at the base of both cotyledons just after germination, while no such regions were found in the shoot apex. Surgical experiments with seedlings and analysis of the anisocotyledonous development revealed that the fate of the cotyledons is determined during their growth. Anisocotyledonous development seems to be the result of competition between the two cotyledons. The mechanism that governs the development of the shoot in the genus Monophyllaea is discussed in relation to apical dominance, which is the common mechanism that regulates shoot development in many plants.


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