scholarly journals Effects of preplant soil fumigation on nematode population densities, and on growth and yield of raspberry

2005 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bélair
Keyword(s):  
Agrobacterium Tumefaciens ◽  
Crown Gall ◽  
Soil Fumigation ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Meloidogyne Hapla ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Population Densities

The effect of preplant soil fumigation on population densities of Pratylenchus penetrans, Xiphinema rivesi, and Meloidogyne hapla and growth of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) was investigated over a 4-year period. P. penetrans was the most abundant and probably accounted for most of the growth reduction. Soil fumigation increased raspberry fields by 98%, 59%, and 18% in the first, second, and third year of production, respectively. The incidence of crown gall (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) was not correlated with soil populations of P. penetrans or M. hapla.

scholarly journals Post-Plant Nematicides for the Control of Root Lesion Nematode in Red Raspberry

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 856-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inga A. Zasada ◽  
Thomas W. Walters ◽  
John N. Pinkerton
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Application ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Infested Soil ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Root Lesion Nematode ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Quillaja Saponaria ◽  
Lesion Nematode ◽  
Sampling Times

To identify a post-plant nematicide to control root lesion nematode [RLN (Pratylenchus penetrans)] in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus), a number of nematicides was tested in soil-only and plant-based experiments. In soil-only experiments, soil naturally infested with RLN was drenched with the nematicides and nematode survival was assessed 7 and 14 days after treatment. Fosthiazate and oxamyl reduced RLN recovery 92% and 52% across trials and sampling times, respectively, compared with the nontreated control. Other nematicides that resulted in moderate, and sometimes inconsistent, control of RLN were soapbark (Quillaja saponaria) saponins, 1,3-dichloropropene, and methomyl. In plant-based experiments, ‘Meeker’ red raspberry was established in pots with RLN-infested soil mixed with greenhouse soil and the nematicides were applied as soil drenches or as a foliar application. Nematode recovery and cane and root weights were quantified as measurements of nematicide toxicity and phytotoxicity, respectively. Similar to soil-only experiments, fosthiazate and oxamyl were the most effective nematicides tested in reducing RLN population densities in established red raspberry. Fosthiazate and oxamyl significantly reduced RLN per gram dry root population densities by 97% and 87%, respectively, compared with the infested, nontreated control. None of the other nematicides reduced RLN population densities compared with the infested, nontreated controls. There was no phytotoxicity to red raspberry associated with any of the nematicides.

EFFECTS OF TOMATO RINGSPOT VIRUS ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF RED RASPBERRY

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACK A. FREEMAN ◽  
R. STACE-SMITH ◽  
HUGH A. DAUBENY
Keyword(s):  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Tomato Ringspot Virus

Tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV) was graft-inoculated into 10 raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars in 1970 and plants of root cuttings from infected and virus-free (VF) plants were established in the field in 1971. Data were recorded on the growth of the newly propagated plants in 1971 and on growth and yield in 1972, 1973 and 1974. TomRSV infection resulted in retarding the growth of the young plants arising from the root cuttings of 8 of the 10 cultivars. Chlorotic ringspot markings were evident on many of the young plants arising from the root cuttings, but in subsequent years very few foliar markings were observed. A year after the plants were established, the canes of six cultivars were shorter than those of VF clones. The cultivars Avon, Latham, Lloyd George, and Mailing Jewel had significantly shorter canes in each of the 3 yr that measurements were taken. Only two cultivars, Carnival and Lloyd George, showed a reduction in yield in the 1st cropping year. By the 3rd cropping year, Avon, Glen Clova, Latham, Lloyd George and Meeker all showed a significant reduction in yield. Avon and Lloyd George also showed reduced fruit size. When all growth parameters were considered, the cultivar ranking in order of decreasing susceptibility was as follows: Lloyd George, Avon, Latham, Glen Clova, Meeker, Matsqui, Mailing Jewel, Carnival, Puyallup, and Canby.

scholarly journals Root Pruning Effects on Growth and Yield of Red Raspberry

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 681-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Darnell ◽  
Horacio E. Alvarado-Raya ◽  
Jeffrey G. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Annual Production ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Root Pruning ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Carbohydrate Concentration

Annual production systems for red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) have been proposed for off-season production or for increasing crop diversity in warm winter climates. However, yields in these annual systems are low compared with annual yields in perennial production systems. The yield reduction may be from the root pruning that occurs during removal and shipment of the canes from the nursery. This would result in significant root loss and may decrease the availability of root carbohydrates for reproductive development. To investigate this, ‘Cascade Delight’ red raspberry plants were root pruned during dormancy, and growth and fruiting of these plants were compared with non root-pruned controls the next season. Dry weights of all organs except floricane stems increased throughout the growing season; however, root pruning decreased root, floricane lateral, and total fruit dry weight compared with no root pruning. The yield decrease observed in root-pruned plants was because of a decrease in flower and fruit number per cane compared with the control. Total carbohydrate concentration in roots of root-pruned and non root-pruned plants decreased significantly between pruning and budbreak; however, root carbohydrate concentration and content were always lower in root-pruned compared with non root-pruned plants. The lower root carbohydrate availability in root-pruned compared with non root-pruned plants during budbreak apparently limited flower bud formation/differentiation, resulting in decreased yield. These results suggest that yields in annual red raspberry production systems are limited because of the loss of root carbohydrates during removal from the nursery. Management practices that increase yield per plant (e.g., by ameliorating root loss) or increase yields per hectare (e.g., by increasing planting density) are needed to render the annual production system economically viable.

scholarly journals Annual, Off-season Raspberry Production in Warm Season Climates

2006 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Darnell ◽  
Horacio E. Alvarado ◽  
Jeffrey G. Williamson ◽  
Bryan Brunner ◽  
María Plaza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Winter Climate ◽  
Market Prices

There is increasing interest in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) production worldwide due to increased demand for both fresh and processed fruit. Although the United States is the third largest raspberry producer in the world, domestic demand exceeds supply, and the shortage in fresh market raspberries is filled by imported fruit from Canada during July and August, and from Mexico and Chile during November through May. The raspberry harvest season is well defined and the perishability of the fruit limits postharvest storage. Winter production of raspberry in tropical and subtropical climates could extend the harvest season and allow off-season fruit production during periods of high market prices. The objective of the current study was to examine growth and yield of red raspberry cultivars grown in an annual winter production system in Florida and Puerto Rico. Long cane cultivars were purchased from a nursery in the Pacific northwestern U.S. in 2002 (`Heritage' and `Tulameen'), 2003 (`Tulameen' and `Willamette'), and 2004 (`Tulameen' and `Cascade Delight') and planted in raised beds in polyethylene tunnels in December (Florida) or under an open-sided polyethylene structure in January-March (Puerto Rico). In Florida, harvest occurred from ∼mid-March through the end of May, while in Puerto Rico, harvest occurred from the end of March through early June (except in 2002, when canes were planted in March). Yields per cane varied with cultivar, but ranged from ∼80 to 600 g/cane for `Tulameen', 170 to 290 g/cane for `Heritage', 135 to 350 g/cane for `Willamette', and ∼470 g/cane for `Cascade Delight'. Economic analysis suggests that, at this point, returns on this system would be marginal. However, increasing cane number per unit area and increasing pollination efficiency may increase yields, while planting earlier would increase the return per unit. The key to success may hinge on developing a system where multi-year production is feasible in a warm winter climate.

scholarly journals Impact of Pratylenchus penetrans on Established Red Raspberry Productivity

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 1514-1520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziduan Han ◽  
Thomas W. Walters ◽  
Inga A. Zasada
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Feeding Sites ◽  
Fruit Composition ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Consistent Treatment

The plant-parasitic nematode Pratylenchus penetrans is a major constraint to the production of red raspberry. To determine whether several popular raspberry cultivars in Washington State differ in susceptibility to P. penetrans and whether post-plant nematicides treatments are warranted, five independent, multiyear trials were conducted. Trials in existing plantings of ‘Cascade Bounty’, ‘Chemainus’, ‘Meeker’ (two trials), and ‘Saanich’ raspberry were established in northwest Washington. Treated plots were protected from P. penetrans by applying nematicides over a 3-year period, while nontreated plots received no nematicides. P. penetrans population densities in soil and root samples were assessed spring and fall of each year. In addition, impact of P. penetrans on raspberry yield, fruit composition, cane production, and root biomass was measured several times in each cultivar during the 3-year study. P. penetrans root population densities in nematicide-treated plots were consistently lower than those in nontreated plots at all the samplings. There were few consistent treatment differences in fine root biomass, the preferred feeding sites for P. penetrans. However, a complete root system sampling of one of the cultivars did show greater fine root biomass in treated plants compared with nontreated plants. When differences were observed aboveground, treated plants yielded less than corresponding nontreated plants, indicating that the nematicides may have been phytotoxic to some of the cultivars. This study suggests that post-plant nematicide applications are of limited benefit because, at least during the 3-year time period of this study, there were few observable benefits of protecting these raspberry cultivars from P. penetrans.

scholarly journals Vegetative Growth and Flowering of Primocane Raspberry ‘Ariadne’ as Affected by Prohexadione–calcium Treatments

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 529-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauliina Palonen ◽  
Katriina Mouhu
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Growth Reduction ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Prohexadione Calcium

Maintaining an appropriate balance between vegetative and generative growth is a prerequisite for profitable raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) production. The objective of our study was to test the effect of prohexadione–calcium (ProCa) on vegetative growth and flowering of primocane fruiting red raspberry ‘Ariadne’ in greenhouse conditions. ProCa was applied either once or twice in a concentration of 100 ppm or 200 ppm. Double applications of ProCa reduced cane height by 33 cm (100 ppm) or by 46 cm (200 ppm). Growth reduction was the result of shortening of the internodes, because total node number in plants was unaffected. Furthermore, cane diameter was reduced in plants treated with 200 ppm ProCa. ProCa treatments reduced the total aboveground dry weight by 32% to 55% but did not affect the allocation of dry weight into different plant parts. All ProCa treatments reduced the number of flowers by 22% to 42%. In conclusion, ProCa proved effective in controlling vegetative growth of red raspberry. However, because the number of flowers was reduced, ProCa cannot be recommended for growth regulation of primocane fruiting raspberry without further studies.

scholarly journals Plant Growth and Yield of Red Raspberry following Primocane Defoliation

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 920-922 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Raworth ◽  
S.J. Clements
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Tetranychus Urticae ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Spider Mite ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Twospotted Spider Mite ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Lateral Length ◽  
Twospotted Spider

Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. cv. Willamette) primocanes were artificially defoliated to various degrees and at two dates in each of 2 years to simulate defoliation caused by the twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). The effect on primocane diameter, lateral length, yield and four yield components was determined. When defoliation occurred evenly along the length of the primocanes, and all floricanes and excess primocanes were removed in early Aug. 1989, yield was reduced 26% at 25%, 50%, and 75% defoliation and 55% at 100% defoliation compared with nondefoliated controls. The number of canes per stool, number of fruit per lateral, and weight per fruit were reduced when defoliation occurred earlier, in August rather than September, but the number of laterals per cane increased with early defoliation. The effect of increasing defoliation on plant growth and yield was generally nonlinear. When defoliation occurred in sections along the lower 2 m of all primocanes, and all floricanes and excess primocanes were removed in Nov. 1992, no significant differences in yield or three yield components were detected. The effects of primocane defoliation are not necessarily predictable, so T. urticae should be controlled before mite-induced defoliation occurs.

scholarly journals Inheritance of Resistance to Root Lesion Nematode in Red Raspberry

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (11) ◽  
pp. 1340-1341 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.C. Vrain ◽  
Hugh A. Daubeny ◽  
J.W. Hall ◽  
R.M. DeYoung ◽  
A.K. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Inheritance Of Resistance ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Root Lesion Nematode ◽  
Red Raspberry ◽  
Lesion Nematode ◽  
Half Diallel ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

The inheritance of resistance to the root lesion nematode [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filip. and Stek.] in red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) was studied in a four-member half diallel, involving two resistant genotypes and two susceptible genotypes. Estimates of general and specific combining abilities (GCA and SCA, respectively) were determined for nematode densities in roots alone and soil alone, nematode densities per plant, and plant root and foliage biomass. GCA were significant for nematodes in soil and for root and foliage biomass; SCA were significant for nematodes in the soil and for root biomass. Neither GCA nor SCA was significant for number of nematodes in the roots or per plant.

Spatial and spatiotemporal analysis of Meloidogyne hapla and Pratylenchus penetrans populations in commercial potato fields in New York, USA

Nematology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Adrienne M. Gorny ◽  
Frank S. Hay ◽  
Paul Esker ◽  
Sarah J. Pethybridge
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Meloidogyne Hapla ◽  
Pratylenchus Penetrans ◽  
Plant Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Semivariogram Analysis ◽  
Commercial Potato ◽  
Plant Parasitic

Summary Meloidogyne hapla and Pratylenchus penetrans are important plant-parasitic nematodes affecting potato in New York and the Northeastern United States, yet little is known of their spatial patterns and spatiotemporal dynamics. Spatial patterns of M. hapla and Pratylenchus spp. were quantified using semivariogram analysis and Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs (SADIE). Nematode populations were assessed within each of three commercial potato fields in 2016 and 2017, with fields sampled on two occasions in-season. Semivariogram analysis and ordinary kriging indicated initial population densities to be spatially dependent over an average range of 110 m for M. hapla and 147 m for Pratylenchus spp. SADIE indicated Pratylenchus spp. to be significantly aggregated in nearly all fields (10 of 12 samplings, to 2.113). Meloidogyne hapla populations were aggregated in only three of 12 samplings ( to 1.738). Spatiotemporal analysis using the association function of SADIE indicated a strong and significant association between initial and final population densities of M. hapla and Pratylenchus spp. within fields. This information is fundamental for the development of enhanced sampling protocols for estimation of plant-parasitic nematodes and evaluating the feasibility of site-specific nematicide application in New York potato fields.

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