scholarly journals La stabilité de l’OPEP

2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 503-526
Author(s):  
The-Hiep Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Energy Field ◽  
World Energy ◽  
Petroleum Sector ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Near Future

In the energy field and more specifically in the petroleum sector, several models have been developed with a view to determining long-term price strategies and supply and demand flows without considering the sector in question from an oligopolistic perspective : institutions have been excluded from these models. This study explicitly recognizes the importance of variables often characterized as extra-economic and proposes to examine the degree of OPEC's stability. Among the factors that could negatively influence this stability are bilateral oil agreements, the coalition of consumer countries within the International Energy Agency and rivalry among the members of OPEC. The respective weight of each of these factors has been carefully examined. On the other hand, an oil price indexing formula accepted and respected by all parties concerned would ensure the stability of this organization. However, stability via indexing is unlikely as it is difficult to find a formula acceptable to all parties. It is therefore to be anticipated that the world energy and petroleum situation in the near future will be a function of the policies of the two poles : the United States, the largest consumer, and Saudi Arabia, the largest producer. The functions-objectives of these two countries have also been examined in order to derive a number of specific hypotheses relative to the eventual evolution of the energy and petroleum sector.

scholarly journals Desacoplamento entre as Emissões de CO2 e o PIB

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-53
Author(s):  
Yves Rocha De Salles Lima ◽  
Tatiane Stellet Machado ◽  
Joao Jose de Assis Rangel
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
The United States ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
The Us ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The One

The objetive of this work is to analyze the variation of CO2 emissions and GDP per capita throughout the years and identify the possible interaction between them. For this purpose, data from the International Energy Agency was collected on two countries, Brazil and the one with the highest GDP worldwide, the United States. Thus, the results showed that CO2 emissions have been following the country’s economic growth for many years. However, these two indicators have started to decouple in the US in 2007 while in Brazil the same happened in 2011. Furthermore, projections for CO2 emissions are made until 2040, considering 6 probable scenarios. These projections showed that even if the oil price decreases, the emissions will not be significantly affected as long as the economic growth does not decelerate.

A Review of Preparation and Tribological Applications of Pickering Emulsion

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Yichen Bao ◽  
Kai Liu ◽  
Quan Zheng ◽  
Lulu Yao ◽  
Yufu Xu
Keyword(s):  
Pickering Emulsion ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
New Type ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Near Future

Abstract Pickering emulsion is a new type of stable emulsion made by ultra-fine solid particles instead of traditional surfactants as stabilizers, which has received widespread attention in recent years. The preparation methods of stator-rotor homogenization, high-pressure homogenization, and ultrasonic emulsification were compared with others in this work. The main factors affecting the stability of Pickering emulsion are the surface humidity of the solid particles, the polarity of the oil phase, and the oil-water ratio. These factors could affect the nature of the solid particles, the preparation process of Pickering emulsion and the external environment. Consequently, the long-term stability of Pickering emulsion is still a challenge. The tribological investigations of Pickering emulsion were summarized, and the multifunctional Pickering emulsion shows superior prospects for tribological applications. Moreover, the latest development of Pickering emulsion offers a new strategy for smart lubrication in the near future.

scholarly journals Comparative International Law: The Scope and Management of Public Participation Rights Related to CCS Activities

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raíssa Moreira Lima Mendes Musarra ◽  
Hirdan K. de Medeiros Costa
Keyword(s):  
Public Participation ◽  
Carbon Capture ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
Deductive Method

The paper proposes the presentation of the public participation item in the regulatory standards of CCS in Australia, Canada, the European Union, the United Kingdom and the United States and their possible relations with the Brazilian configuration. The choice of territories is due to the existence of the item in its legal norms and or regulations. The standards available from the International Energy Agency (IEA) database on Carbon Capture, Transport and Storage were used. The methodology used is the comparative, cumulatively with the deductive method, assuming that public participation is a fundamental issue for the governance of CCS activities and that Brazil, when inserting such activities into its code, should take into account the adoption of the best practices of public participation, which, in addition to being consultative, provides deliberative powers to citizens.

Has the 'Golden Age of Gas' bypassed Australia?

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 134
Author(s):  
Joshua Stabler
Keyword(s):  
Golden Age ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Energy Prices ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
World Energy ◽  
The World ◽  
World Energy Outlook ◽  
Australian Experience ◽  
Domestic Electricity

In June 2011, the International Energy Agency released the 2011 World Energy Outlook (WEO) series that posed the thought-provoking question: ‘Are we entering a golden age of gas?’ In response to this bold question, this paper first investigates the world’s electricity supply by each fuel type and how the WEO expectations have changed over time. This helps define the progress of the world targets for the ‘Golden Age of Gas’. To provide context to Australian gas conditions, this paper delves deeply into two of the most important international markets in the world: USA and China. Each of these countries are placed in the five fastest growing gas production countries in the world but have had substantially different engagements with gas and their domestic electricity profiles. Each country’s response to the electricity generation-source dilemma has resulted in diametrically opposed carbon emission outcomes. Finally, this paper turns to the Australian experience with gas. As the fifth fastest growing gas producing nation, and now the largest liquefied natural gas exporter in the world, Australia has rapidly shifted from energy price isolation to having strong links to international energy prices. These international price linkages have been applied across both gas and coal markets and have occurred simultaneously with the combination of a wave of renewable energy construction, traditional energy generation exit and paralysed government policy. This leaves a revised question: has the Golden Age of Gas passed Australia?

Short and Long Term Extreme Reliability Analysis Applied to Floating Wind Turbine Design

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothe´e Perdrizet ◽  
Daniel Averbuch
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Floating Wind Turbine ◽  
Extreme Response ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Turbine Design ◽  
Wave Induced

This paper describes and exemplifies an efficient methodology to assess, jointly and in a single calculation, the short and long terms failure probabilities associated to the extreme response of a floating wind turbine, subjected to wind and wave induced loads. This method is applied to the realistic case study OC3-Hywind used in phase IV of the IEA (International Energy Agency) Annex XXIII Offshore Code Comparison Collaboration. The key point of the procedure, derived from the outcrossing approach, consists in computing the mean of the outcrossing rate of the floating wind turbine response in the failure domain over both the short term variables and the ergodic variables defining long term parameters.

scholarly journals Eco-turbina. Turbo ventilador eléctrico 220 (VAC) – 50 (Hz), de bajo consumo: eficiente energéticamente

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Ibar Federico Anderson
Keyword(s):  
International Energy Agency ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
World Energy ◽  
The Future ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
World Energy Outlook ◽  
On Line ◽  
Energy Efficiency Policies ◽  
Global Exchange ◽  
Pas 2050

Según el WorldEnergy Outlook 2017[1]  publicado por la Agencia Internacional de la Energía (AIE)[2] se evidencian algunas tendencias en el sistema energético mundial, en donde los motores eléctricos representarán un tercio del aumento de la demanda de energía eléctrica. Este aumento significa que millones de hogares agregarán electrodomésticos y sistemas de refrigeración. Recientemente la Agencia publicó un muy completo estudio[3] sobre la situación del uso de aires acondicionados[4] en el mundo. En la República Argentina, informes anuales de CAMMESA[5]: 2007 y 2016 indican que en ese período hubo un aumento del 45% en el consumo eléctrico en todos los sectores, lo que significa un problema en la generación y transmisión de energía. Se tornó una necesidad todas las medidas que se puedan tomar en sentido de la Eficiencia Energética (EE); lo que por otro lado significa una oportunidad en el diseño y desarrollo de productos industriales más eficientes en el consumo de la energía eléctrica. En clara orientación con esta línea ética de reducción de la huella de carbono[6] y sustentada científicamente en el impacto ambiental, se desarrolló una turbina eléctrica de 220 (voltios), 50 (Hz) de corriente alterna (AC), para ser aplicado a motores de ventiladores[7]. Reduce un 59% el consumo de energía eléctrica, medida en kWh (kilo-Watts-hora), que es el modo en que se factura el consumo de energía. Según la Norma IRAM 62480:2017 se obtuvo una EE Tipo: A. Con un consumo de energía inferior a 55% del valor nominal; lo que representa 15 kWh/mes, valor que se calcula durante una (1) hora por día a máxima potencia (25 vatios para el prototipo). Cabe destacar queexisten normasIE[8] de eficiencia energética para motores eléctricos, que no se pudieron constatar, dado que exceden a los recursos disponibles para este trabajo. El objetivo ha consistido en aproximarnos de un modo más simple (tecnología) y económico (costos) a los variadores de frecuencia (VDF)[9] o drivers, que son una tecnología que reduce la energía eléctrica, manteniendo constante la relación tensión/frecuencia (volts/hertz) con una electrónica compleja y costosa (como los transistores bipolares de puerta aislada: IGBTs). Aquí se ha resuelto el problema manteniendo no-constante la relación (V/Hz) con un Triac BT 137 para uso en motores de inducción monofásicos de 220 (V), 50 (Hz) de corriente alterna (AC). Para construir esta tecnología menos costosa (económicamente) y menos compleja (electrónicamente), se analizó la existencia -probada en el mercado-de otras aplicaciones tecnológicas similares, que puedan ser adaptadas y ensambladas a otras tecnologías también existentes; y que este ensamble pueda ser realizado de modo barato y funcional. Este control de potencia para motores a-sincrónicos fue utilizado en un motor sincrónico de tipo PMSM. Las actividades llevadas a cabo para la construcción del prototipo son: adoptar un motor sincrónico de tipo PMSM (con rotor de imanes parmanentes de ferrite) obtenido a partir del estator de una electrobomba de lavavajillas de 65 (watts) de potencia, acoplado a las paletas de un rotor de un motor a-sincrónico de espiras de sombra[10] de microondas; que se controla mecatrónicamente con un control de potencia de disparo por Triac BT137 atenuador de onda de tensión (Voltios) e intensidad de la corriente (Amperios).     [1] International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2017 [On line]. Available:  https://www.iea.org/weo2017/ [Accessed: 25-jan-2019] [2] International Energy Agency. Energy Efficieny. The global exchange for energy efficiency policies, data and analysis [On line]. Available:  https://www.iea.org/topics/energyefficiency [Accessed: 25-jan-2019] [3] International Energy Agency. The Future of Cooling. Opportunities for energy-efficient air conditioning [On line]. Available: https://webstore.iea.org/the-future-of-cooling [Accessed: 25-jan-2019] [4]El uso de aires acondicionados y ventiladores eléctricos para mantenerse fresco representa casi el 20% del total de la electricidad utilizada en los edificios de todo el mundo en la actualidad. [5] CAMMESA, Compañía Administradora del Mercado Mayorista eléctrico [<en línea]. Disponible en: http://portalweb.cammesa.com/default.aspx [Accedido: 25-ene-2019] [6]La huella de carbono se conoce como gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) emitidos por efecto directo o indirecto de un individuo, organización, evento o producto. Tal impacto ambiental es medido llevando a cabo un inventario de emisiones de GEI o un análisis de ciclo de vida (ACV), siguiendo normativas internacionales reconocidas, tales como ISO 14064, PAS 2050 o GHG Protocol entre otras.  [7] Los motores consumen el 46% del total mundial de electricidad (Fuente IEA: Efficiency Series, 2011). [8] La norma IEC 60034-30-1 es la que establece el Código IE de eficiencia en motores eléctricos. [9] La IEC 61800-9-2 se focaliza en la interacción de motores con los variadores de frecuencia (VFD). El 40% y el 60% de todos los sistemas de motores se beneficiarían del uso adecuado de los drivers. [10] Espira de defrager o espira de arranque (espira en cortocircuito).

scholarly journals The Indian Republic in the global energy markets

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 502-509
Author(s):  
Nikolay P. Gusakov ◽  
Yulia A. Konovalova ◽  
Sayar Akhmad Reshad
Keyword(s):  
Energy Security ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
Mineral Resources ◽  
Energy Markets ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
World Energy ◽  
The World ◽  
The Republic

Energy is an integral part of the economic security of any state, and it is more complex, the lower the degree of provision with its mineral resources and the higher the number of the population living in the country. Being the undisputed world leaders in terms of population (1.4 billion people and 1.3 billion people), China and India are concerned about ensuring the energy security of their national economies. According to the latest forecasts formed by the International Energy Agency, by 2040, these two countries will become world leaders in terms of imports of mineral products (in this case: crude oil and natural gas). China is the world leader in exporting goods; India is implementing an economic and industrial policy to turn the country into a world manufacturing hub. In this regard, providing countries with energy resources is one of the most critical tasks. At the same time, a significant problem is a dependence on regular supplies of raw materials and world prices for energy carriers. Respectively, countries should pursue a policy of diversification of suppliers of mineral products. The subject of this study is the Republic of India and its position in the world energy markets; issues of energy security and energy policy are also highlighted.

Scenarios for Evaluation of Technology Development Options for Power Generation Equipment

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavio J. Franco
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Technology Development ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Power Generation Equipment ◽  
Final Energy Consumption ◽  
Commercial Organizations

Several national and international organizations publish long term studies of possible future evolutions of primary and final energy consumption, installed power generation, adoption of new energy technologies and greenhouse gas emissions, for example, in the form of ‘scenarios’. Which scenario or combination of scenarios will come true depends on many factors, not least the choice of technologies to be developed and the amount of resources put into the development of the chosen technologies. Power generation equipment manufacturers thus have a strong influence on how the future of the energy world will unfold, through their technological choices and the investments they make to develop the technologies. However their own future also depends on how external factors evolve, including, for example, public opinion, economics, population growth, competitor technologies etc., which are also considered in the aforementioned scenarios. In this paper a discussion is made of the aspects of scenarios described in the literature that are relevant for technology strategic management within the time scales usually considered by commercial organizations. As a result, two scenarios are proposed, based on those presented by the International Energy Agency and on data from other sources.

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