Frequency of Occurence of Phonemes in American Spanish

Miguelina Guirao; María A. García Jurado

doi:10.7202/602680ar

Frequency of Occurence of Phonemes in American Spanish

Revue québécoise de linguistique ◽

10.7202/602680ar ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 135-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Miguelina Guirao ◽

María A. García Jurado

Keyword(s):

Relative Distribution ◽

Computer Aided ◽

American Spanish ◽

Frequency Of Occurence ◽

Final Syllable

Abstract A computer aided inventory of the frequency and distribution of American Spanish phonemes is reported. The corpus, drawn from five modern plays, contained 163,861 phonemes in 74,460 syllables and 43,306 words. First single elements were counted. The seven first sounds /e a o s n r i/ account for 67.5% of the total occurrences. The relative distribution of phonemes in the most frequent syllables was calculated. Higher scores correspond to /a e o/ and /s n d k t/. All phonemes were distributed according to their initial and final syllable and words position.

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Computer-aided methods for 3-D visualization of serial sections and thick biological specimens

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100129930 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1060-1061

Author(s):

Mark Ellisman ◽

Maryann Martone ◽

Gabriel Soto ◽

Eleizer Masliah ◽

David Hessler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Neuritic Plaque ◽

Dimensional Structure ◽

Data Sets ◽

Molecular Physiology ◽

Research Activities ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Dimensional Reconstruction

Structurally-oriented biologists examine cells, tissues, organelles and macromolecules in order to gain insight into cellular and molecular physiology by relating structure to function. The understanding of these structures can be greatly enhanced by the use of techniques for the visualization and quantitative analysis of three-dimensional structure. Three projects from current research activities will be presented in order to illustrate both the present capabilities of computer aided techniques as well as their limitations and future possibilities.The first project concerns the three-dimensional reconstruction of the neuritic plaques found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. We have developed a software package “Synu” for investigation of 3D data sets which has been used in conjunction with laser confocal light microscopy to study the structure of the neuritic plaque. Tissue sections of autopsy samples from patients with Alzheimer's disease were double-labeled for tau, a cytoskeletal marker for abnormal neurites, and synaptophysin, a marker of presynaptic terminals.

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Three-Dimensional Subcellular Organization of Hepatocytes in Intact Liver: Simultaneous Visualization of Cytoskeletal and Membrane Markers by Confocal Microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100163903 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 288-289

Author(s):

Greg V. Martin ◽

Ann L. Hubbard

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Integral Membrane Proteins ◽

Polarized Secretion ◽

Microscope Images ◽

Computer Aided ◽

Intracellular Organelles ◽

Cytoskeletal Elements ◽

Simultaneous Visualization

The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton is necessary for many of the polarized functions of hepatocytes. Among the functions dependent on the MT-based cytoskeleton are polarized secretion of proteins, delivery of endocytosed material to lysosomes, and transcytosis of integral plasma membrane (PM) proteins. Although microtubules have been shown to be crucial to the establishment and maintenance of functional and structural polarization in the hepatocyte, little is known about the architecture of the hepatocyte MT cytoskeleton in vivo, particularly with regard to its relationship to PM domains and membranous organelles. Using an in situ extraction technique that preserves both microtubules and cellular membranes, we have developed a protocol for immunofluorescent co-localization of cytoskeletal elements and integral membrane proteins within 20 µm cryosections of fixed rat liver. Computer-aided 3D reconstruction of multi-spectral confocal microscope images was used to visualize the spatial relationships among the MT cytoskeleton, PM domains and intracellular organelles.

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