scholarly journals Une analyse économétrique de l’ajustement récent de la balance commerciale canadienne (1978-1979)

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-387
Author(s):  
Richard Dion ◽  
Raynald Létourneau
Keyword(s):  
Trade Balance ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Capacity Utilization ◽  
The United States ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Rapid Improvement ◽  
Trade Surplus ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Manufactured Goods ◽  
Merchandise Trade

Abstract The Canadian merchandise trade surplus increased rather modestly in 1978 and 1979 given that the depreciation of the real exchange rate since 1977 had considerably reinforced our competitive position. With the aid of an econometric model, we try to measure the respective contributions of the factors influencing the merchandise trade balance during that period. Our partial equilibrium simulations reveal that the depreciation of the Canadian dollar, both in nominal and real terms, substantially improved the merchandise trade surplus. High capacity utilization rates in Canada had a substantial impact on the trade balance through a large increase of imports, especially imports of producers' equipment, and through a significant reduction of exports of manufactured goods other than automotive products. Excluding the automobile sector, which has experienced a "structural" change in the United States, cyclical divergences between the two countries did not influence substantially the evolution of the merchandise trade account over that period. The rapid improvement of the terms of trade in 1979 strongly contributed to the increase of the nominal merchandise trade surplus. Our simulations show that the rise in the prices of certain primary commodities relative to the U.S. prices of manufactured goods was an important factor behind the stronger terms of trade.

scholarly journals Economic Benefits and Pollutants Emission Embodied in China–US Merchandise Trade—Comparative Analysis Based on Gross Trade, Value Added Trade and Value Added in Trade

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 11322
Author(s):  
Ling-Yun He ◽  
Hui Huang
Keyword(s):  
Trade Balance ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Environmental Cost ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Trade Dispute ◽  
Pollutants Emission ◽  
Merchandise Trade

The main focuses of the Sino–US trade dispute are the issue of trade interests. If taking environmental costs into consideration, the trade interests are even more overestimated. There are different methods for measuring trade interests, and the results obtained under different methods differ. This paper uses the gross trade, value-added trade and value-added-in trade framework to calculate the economic gains and correspondent embodied pollution in China–US trade, compares the differences in results under different models and makes possible explanations. Our conclusions are as follows: (1) Traditional gross trade statistics have overestimated China’s economic benefits. The trade balance in gross trade was overestimated by 35% and 40% compared to the value-added trade and value-added-in trade. (2) China was a net exporter of embodied pollution and paid huge environmental costs from 1995 to 2011. (3) China’s exports are environmentally worse than the United States, and the calculation of pollution terms of trade proves that China paid a greater environmental cost for the same amount of economic benefits. (4) Different accounting frameworks have a great impact on the embodied pollution results at the industry level. Pollution based on value-added trade was more concentrated. The major polluting industries also changed.

Trends and Cycles in U.S. Trade with Spain and the Spanish Empire, 1790–1819

1984 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Cuenca Esteban
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Terms Of Trade ◽  
Balance Of Payments ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
Spanish Empire ◽  
Export Trade ◽  
Demand Elasticities ◽  
Merchandise Trade ◽  
Constant Prices

Analysis of balance-of-payments components with Spain and Spanish America helps account for spectacular economic gains to the United States in the neutrality years and for the subsequent turn to net deficit positions during the 1810s. Excess export values at constant prices with Spain and favorable terms of trade with Spanish America decisively contributed to large surpluses on commodity account through 1795–1813. Most cycles in merchandise trade are consistent with greater demand elasticities for exports than for imports.Net earings on freight, insurance, and mercantile profits boosted overall returns from the Spanish Empire at the very times when they were most needed to finance the re-export trade and to settle deficits elsewhere.

scholarly journals Covid-19 pandemic and Foreign Trade: A Comparative Analysis in Indian Context

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 3334-3340
Author(s):  
Devasish Hazarika
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Preventive Measure ◽  
Trade Surplus ◽  
Indian Context ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Merchandise Trade

Covid-19 and lockdown as its preventive measure hit Indian Economy at a worst time. The trade performances prior to the pandemic was not satisfactory and held a decreasing trend in terms of the previous periods. In this paper an honest attempt has been made to analyse international trade as an Engine of Economic Growth, that is, its importance or significance in Economic Growth processes as well as to assess the comparative trend in international trade before and after the pandemic situation. This paper is based on secondary data. The paper is essentially a descriptive and analytical in nature. Statistical tools like graph, table etc are used for better understanding. The foreign trade is found to be diminishing in its share while analysing the data of last 10 years prior to the pandemic and nationwide lockdown. The merchandise trade surplus in June 2020 was estimated at USD 0.79 billion as against deficit of USD 15.28 billion in June, 2019. The trade balance for service is estimated at USD 6.83 on 15th July,2020. India recorded first trade surplus since January, 2002.

China will 'rise' in global services market

2016 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Trade Deficit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Import Demand ◽  
Trade In Services ◽  
Trade Surplus ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The World ◽  
The Government ◽  
Merchandise Trade

Subject China's trade in services. Significance The 13th Five-Year Plan ratified by the National People's Congress in March sets a target of increasing the service sector's share of China's foreign trade to 16%. At the beginning of the 21st century China was a marginal player in the global market for commercial services; today it is among the top five services exporters. The government is promoting service exports and has set an ambitious 1-trillion-dollar target for 2020 -- more than four times the 2014 figure of 232.5 billion dollars. However, China's trade in services is permanently in deficit and its services imports are expanding much faster than exports. It has become the largest net importer of services in the world. Impacts In the foreseeable future, China is likely to become the world's largest importer of services, overtaking the United States. A growing number of Chinese service companies will become household names around the world, especially in the developing countries. China's services trade deficit will partly offset its merchandise trade surplus, reducing overall trade imbalances with Western partners. Chinese import demand will grow in transportation, tourism, finance, telecommunications, consulting, legal services and education.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ALTERNATIVE FMD EMERGENCY VACCINATION STRATEGIES IN THE MIDWESTERN UNITED STATES

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
TED C. SCHROEDER ◽  
DUSTIN L. PENDELL ◽  
MICHAEL W. SANDERSON ◽  
SARA MCREYNOLDS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Impact ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
Foot And Mouth Disease ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Midwestern United States ◽  
Vaccination Strategies

AbstractAn outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in the United States would likely result in major costs to producers, consumers, and government. How animal health officials manage such an outbreak has substantial impact on probable losses. Without an emergency FMD vaccination strategy, producer and consumer losses of an FMD outbreak in the midwestern United States would likely approach $188 billion, and government costs would likely exceed $11 billion. In contrast, a high-capacity emergency vaccination program together with a large vaccination zone would reduce median consumer and producer losses to approximately $56 billion and government costs to a little more than $1 billion.

Resorcinarene Cavitand Polymers for the Remediation of Halomethanes and 1,4-Dioxane

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke Skala ◽  
Anna Yang ◽  
Max Justin Klemes ◽  
Leilei Xiao ◽  
William Dichtel
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
High Capacity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Disinfection Byproducts ◽  
Porous Polymer ◽  
Organic Micropollutants ◽  
Executive Summary ◽  
Regulatory Limits

<p>Executive summary: Porous resorcinarene-containing polymers are used to remove halomethane disinfection byproducts and 1,4-dioxane from water.<br></p><p><br></p><p>Disinfection byproducts such as trihalomethanes are some of the most common micropollutants found in drinking water. Trihalomethanes are formed upon chlorination of natural organic matter (NOM) found in many drinking water sources. Municipalities that produce drinking water from surface water sources struggle to remain below regulatory limits for CHCl<sub>3</sub> and other trihalomethanes (80 mg L<sup>–1</sup> in the United States). Inspired by molecular CHCl<sub>3</sub>⊂cavitand host-guest complexes, we designed a porous polymer comprised of resorcinarene receptors. These materials show higher affinity for halomethanes than a specialty activated carbon used for trihalomethane removal. The cavitand polymers show similar removal kinetics as activated carbon and have high capacity (49 mg g<sup>–1</sup> of CHCl<sub>3</sub>). Furthermore, these materials maintain their performance in real drinking water and can be thermally regenerated under mild conditions. Cavitand polymers also outperform activated carbon in their adsorption of 1,4-dioxane, which is difficult to remove and contaminates many public water sources. These materials show promise for removing toxic organic micropollutants and further demonstrate the value of using supramolecular chemistry to design novel absorbents for water purification.<br></p>

scholarly journals COVID-19 and the Ophthalmology Residency Match: Data from Applicants' Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. e73-e77
Author(s):  
Benjamin Steren ◽  
Ankur Parikh ◽  
Bilal Ahmed ◽  
Benjamin Young ◽  
Jayanth Sridhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
The United States ◽  
Application Process ◽  
Substantial Impact ◽  
Clinical Exposure ◽  
Residency Programs ◽  
Informed Decisions ◽  
Rank List ◽  
Perceived Impacts ◽  
Residency Application

Abstract Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a profound impact on medical education, particularly for those applying to residency programs in 2020 to 2021. This study describes the challenges for potential ophthalmology residency applicants so that residency leadership can make informed decisions about changes to the process. Methods A survey was distributed electronically via social media and medical school ophthalmology interest groups from June 18, 2020 to July 2, 2020 to individuals interested in applying to ophthalmology residency in the United States. Survey questions included demographics and perceived impacts of COVID-19 on ability, confidence, intention to apply, and perceptions toward changes in the application process for the 2020 to 2021 ophthalmology residency application cycle. Results One-hundred sixteen total responses were received. Eighty-six responses (74%) were from individuals intending to apply in the 2020 to 2021 application cycle. Most respondents (86%) felt that their application would be affected by COVID-19 with 51% feeling less confident. Only four (5%) felt that they could adequately compile a rank list following a video interview, and over half (51%) anticipated applying to more programs than they originally intended. Academic plans of seven (8%) respondents were significantly altered via deferral of application or cancellation of a research year. Thirty-nine (45%) students reported delayed ophthalmology electives, with less than half (41%) feeling that they had adequate clinical exposure to be prepared for residency. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic has had a substantial impact on the 2020 to 2021 ophthalmology residency application cycle. As stakeholders begin to approach this cycle, these findings will help them make effective and informed decisions to create the best overall experience for all involved.

United States and Its Challenge to Multilateralism in the Global Economy

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 402-419
Author(s):  
Krishnakumar S.
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Foreign Exchange Market ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Merchandise Trade

With Donald Trump as President of United States, multilateralism in the world economy is facing an unprecedented challenge. The international economic institutions that have evolved since the fifties are increasingly under the risk of being undermined. With the growing assertion of the emerging and developing economies in the international fora, United States is increasingly sceptical of its ability to maneuvre such institutions to suit its own purpose. This is particularly true with respect to WTO, based on “one country one vote” system. The tariff rate hikes initiated by the leader country in the recent past pose a serious challenge to the multilateral trading system. The paper tries to undertake a critical overview of the US pre-occupation of targeting economies on the basis of the bilateral merchandise trade surpluses of countries, through the trade legislations like Omnibus Act and Trade Facilitation Act. These legislations not only ignore the growing share of the United States in the growing invisibles trade in the world economy, but also read too much into the bilateral trade surpluses of economies with United States and the intervention done by them in the foreign exchange market.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document