scholarly journals Music Shaped in Time: Musical Sense-Making Between Perceptual Immediacy and Symbolic Representation

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Reybrouck

What does music signify? And how do listeners make sense of music as a collection of sounding stimuli? A common way is to study the structure of the music, conceiving of music as a self-reflective system with elements that refer mainly to themselves. This is a position that deals with music in computational terms relying on symbols that can be manipulated at a virtual level of imagery, without any connection to the music as it sounds. Music, however, is also a temporal and sounding art. It can be described in acoustic terms, providing a totally objective rendition of the sonorous articulation through time. As such, there is a major distinction between “in time” and “outside of time” descriptions of the music, with the former relying on the first hand sounding stimuli and the latter on second-order symbolic replicas of the sounds.

Author(s):  
W. L. Bell

Disappearance voltages for second order reflections can be determined experimentally in a variety of ways. The more subjective methods, such as Kikuchi line disappearance and bend contour imaging, involve comparing a series of diffraction patterns or micrographs taken at intervals throughout the disappearance range and selecting that voltage which gives the strongest disappearance effect. The estimated accuracies of these methods are both to within 10 kV, or about 2-4%, of the true disappearance voltage, which is quite sufficient for using these voltages in further calculations. However, it is the necessity of determining this information by comparisons of exposed plates rather than while operating the microscope that detracts from the immediate usefulness of these methods if there is reason to perform experiments at an unknown disappearance voltage.The convergent beam technique for determining the disappearance voltage has been found to be a highly objective method when it is applicable, i.e. when reasonable crystal perfection exists and an area of uniform thickness can be found. The criterion for determining this voltage is that the central maximum disappear from the rocking curve for the second order spot.


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