scholarly journals Efficacy of two Phlebiopsis gigantea formulations in preventing Heterobasidion irregulare colonization of red pine stumps in eastern Canada

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael T. Dumas ◽  
Gaston Laflamme
Keyword(s):  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Phlebiopsis Gigantea ◽  
Heterobasidion Irregulare

Heterobasidion irregulare is the scientific name for the North American fungal species that was previously known as H. annosum (P-type) and Fomes annosus. In eastern Canada, the pathogen is found mainly in red pine plantations in southern Ontario and Quebec, where it causes tree mortality. There is no registered control method currently available for this disease in Canada. Phlebiopsis gigantea is a saprophytic basidiomycete successfully used and registered as a biological control agent in several European countries. In order to register a control product in Canada, its efficacy must be demonstrated under field conditions. Trials were performed with two Canadian isolates of P. gigantea in four red pine plantations in Ontario. The mean diameters of treated stumps ranged from 29 to 35 cm. After 2 mo, all 238 stumps treated were free of disease, while 12% of the 120 untreated stumps were colonized by the pathogen. The two formulations without P. gigantea did not prevent the colonization of the stumps by either P. gigantea or H. irregulare. These results show that the two Canadian isolates of P. gigantea can prevent colonization of red pine stumps by H. irregulare and provide support for the registration of P. gigantea as a biocontrol agent in eastern Canada.

scholarly journals Fungal Diversity in Multiple Post-harvest Aged Red Pine Stumps and Their Potential Influence on Heterobasidion Root Rot in Managed Stands Across Minnesota

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric C. Otto ◽  
Benjamin W. Held ◽  
Trevor J. Gould ◽  
Robert A. Blanchette
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Phlebiopsis Gigantea ◽  
Over Time

Thinning operations that occur in managed red pine (Pinus resinosa) stands, create tree stumps that can serve as a habitat for fungi, especially Heterobasidion irregulare, the cause of a serious root disease. Different fungi can colonize stumps early and the community of fungi can change over time as initial fungal species become replaced. Samples were collected from both the native and non-native range of red pine from stumps that were cut at different time periods. Stumps that were harvested at 0–1, 2–3, 5–6, and 10–12 years before sampling were used to provide data on the diversity of fungi that colonize tree stumps and how these communities can change over time as well as how they influence colonization of H. irregulare. Traditional culturing methods and Illumina MiSeq sequencing were used to identify the fungi in the samples. Of particular interest was Phlebiopsis gigantea, which can colonize cut stumps and prevent H. irregulare from becoming established. Overall, P. gigantea was the most abundant fungus isolated and sequenced via Illumina MiSeq. Results show that Phlebiopsis gigantea was isolated from 90% of all stumps sampled for sites harvested within 3 years of sampling in the native range of red pine compared to 33% in the non-native range. For Illumina MiSeq, 5,940 total amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were detected. P. gigantea represented 14% of the total reads and composed 19% of the reads in the native range and 8% in non-native range of red pine. Furthermore, P. gigantea represented 38% of the reads for stumps that were harvested within 3 years of sampling in the native range of red pine compared to 14% in the non-native range. These results help demonstrate that a higher amount of P. gigantea is present in the native range of red pine and could be acting as a native biological control agent. Additional fungi, including Resinicium bicolor, Hypochnicium cremicolor, Leptographium spp., and others identified at different cutting times are also discussed. Finally, different diversity indices revealed similar, but slightly higher diversity for southern sites via Shannon and Simpson Diversity indices. Beta diversity demonstrated a similar species composition in stumps harvested at different times with these stumps being grouped together based on harvesting years.

Evaluation of pruning wound protection products for the management of almond canker diseases in California

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Amanda Holland ◽  
Renaud Travadon ◽  
Daniel P. Lawrence ◽  
Mohamed Taieb Nouri ◽  
Florent P Trouillas
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Thiophanate Methyl ◽  
Pruning Wound ◽  
Wound Protection ◽  
Canker Pathogens

Almond trunk and branch canker diseases constitute a major cause of tree mortality in California. Numerous fungal pathogens have been associated with these canker diseases and pruning wounds act as major infection courts. Prior to this study, there were no products registered in California for the management of these diseases. In this study, fungicidal products including synthetic chemistries, biocontrols, paint and a sealant were evaluated for preventing fungal pathogen infection via pruning wounds. In four field trials conducted over two dormant seasons, sixteen pruning wound treatments were tested using hand-held spray applications, against five almond canker pathogens, namely Botryosphaeria dothidea, Neofusicoccum parvum, Cytospora sorbicola, Ceratocystis destructans, and Eutypa lata. The fungicide thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M) provided 82% overall disease prevention against four fungal pathogens. The biological control agent, Trichoderma atroviride SC1 (Vintec), tested at three application rates, resulted in 90 to 93% protection of pruning wounds in field trials, and for individual pathogens ranged from 81-100% protection for the three rates. At the time of this publication, Vintec is being considered for registration as a biological control product for the prevention of almond canker diseases, while Topsin M is recommended to growers for the prevention of almond canker diseases. This research indicates that effective protection of pruning wounds from infection by almond canker pathogens can be achieved with a one-time spray application of thiophanate-methyl or the biocontrol, T. atroviride SC1 (recommended 2 g/liter) after pruning.

Predisposition of Melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia) to Invasion by the Potential Biological Control Agent Botryosphaeria ribis

Weed Science ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min B. Rayachhetry ◽  
George M. Blakeslee ◽  
Ted D. Center
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Melaleuca Quinquenervia ◽  
Xylem Water Potential ◽  
Simulated Drought ◽  
Canker Development ◽  
Low Temperature Treatments

Enhancement of the canker causing ability of Botryosphaeria ribis on melaleuca was studied with respect to stress from simulated drought, low temperature, and defoliation treatments. Low xylem water potential was related to increased level of canker development and subsequent tree mortality. Canker development was enhanced by low temperature treatments with alternating exposure to 6 C for 3 d followed by 4 d at 30 (±5) C for 8 wk. Partial defoliation did not affect canker development but complete defoliation of B. ribis-inoculated ramets resulted in tree mortality within 4 wk. Callusing of melaleuca wounds was either reduced or prevented in stressed trees. These observations suggest that stress induced on the tree enhances the tree-killing efficacy of this fungus.

The biology of Canadian weeds.: 96. Senecio jacobaea L.

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Bain
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Senecio Jacobaea ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Tyria Jacobaeae ◽  
Tansy Ragwort

Senecio jacobaea L. (tansy ragwort) is a roadside and pasture weed which was introduced into Canada in the 1850s. It is established in cool, wet areas, most commonly on the east and west coasts. The species is important economically because the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the foliage makes it toxic and the poisoning of livestock has resulted. Individuals produce dimorphic achenes which possess different dormancy and dispersal characters and are therefore able to establish in a wider range of habitats. Vegetative reproduction is common especially after damage to the plant. Control of the weed is achieved either through the application of hormone-like herbicides or by biological means. The establishment of the biological control agent, cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae L.), in populations has resulted in defoliation of individuals but has not resulted in effective control of the weed, except in eastern Canada. Key words: Tansy ragwort, Senecio jacobaea, biological control, pyrrolizidine alkaloids

INTRODUCTION, PERMANENT ESTABLISHMENT, AND DISPERSAL IN EASTERN CANADA OF OLESICAMPE GENICULATAE QUEDNAU AND LIM (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE), AN IMPORTANT BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT OF THE MOUNTAIN ASH SAWFLY, PRISTIPHORA GENICULATA (HARTIG) (HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)

1990 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 921-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.W. Quednau
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Classical Biological Control ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Permanent Establishment ◽  
Mountain Ash ◽  
Primary Parasite

AbstractFrom 1976 to 1978, 1300 mated females of Olesicampe geniculatae Quednau and Lim were released near Quebec City during a severe infestation of the mountain ash sawfly, Pristiphora geniculata (Hartig). Both cage and open releases were made. The interactions among the mountain ash sawfly, the imported primary parasite O. geniculatae, and the indigenous hyperparasite Mesochorus globulator (Thunb.), and the effect of O. geniculatae on the host population during and after the establishment phase, are reported. In 1984, O. geniculatae was recovered from all over southern Quebec. Parasitism ranged from 6 to 94%. Concurrently, infestation levels by the mountain ash sawfly declined significantly, and since 1985, the insect has almost disappeared in Quebec. With an annual spread of about 50 km per year after successful establishment, O. geniculatae now covers an area 1000 km in diameter. No major infestation by the mountain ash sawfly has been recorded in Quebec during the past 7 years. The introduction of O. geniculatae is rated as a complete success in classical biological control.

scholarly journals Field Evaluation of Phomopsis amaranthicola, A Biological Control Agent of Amaranthus spp.

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (11) ◽  
pp. 1225-1230 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. N. Rosskopf ◽  
R. Charudattan ◽  
J. T. DeValerio ◽  
W. M. Stall
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
Plant Mortality ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Amaranthus Spp

There are approximately 60 species in the genus Amaranthus, of which seven are used as grains, leafy vegetables, or ornamentals. The majority of the remaining species are considered important weeds. A new fungal species, Phomopsis amaranthicola, isolated from stem and leaf lesions on an Amaranthus sp. plant, was found to be pathogenic to 22 species of Amaranthus tested. The efficacy of this fungus was tested in field trials using one or two postemergent applications of the fungus consisting of two concentrations of conidia or mycelial suspensions. Species tested for susceptibility in the field included Amaranthus hybridus, A. lividus, A. viridus, A. spinosus, and a triazine-resistant A. hybridus. The cumulative disease incidence data for each treatment within each species were plotted versus time using regression for lifetime data. Plant mortality was recorded 2, 4, and 6 weeks after inoculation. There were significant differences between the treatment effects in the control plots versus the plots treated with P. amaranthicola. The highest level of control was obtained in the first trial when the fungus was applied at 6 × 107 conidia per ml. Final mortality of all species, except A. hybridus, reached 100% in inoculated plots 25 days earlier than in noninoculated control plots. Conidial suspensions were more effective in controlling the species in the second trial than were mycelial suspensions. Spread of the pathogen to noninoculated control plots was faster in the second year than in other years. High levels of plant mortality were achieved in plots of A. spinosus, A. lividus, and A. viridis. A. hybridus and the triazine-resistant A. hybridus were not effectively controlled in the second year due to the advanced stage of plant growth (8 to 10 true leaves) at the time of pathogen application. Results confirmed that P. amaranthicola is an effective biocontrol agent of some of the Amaranthus spp. tested.

scholarly journals Comparative Efficacy of State-of-the-Art and New Biological Stump Treatments in Forests Infested by the Native and the Alien Invasive Heterobasidion Species Present in Europe

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1272
Author(s):  
Martina Pellicciaro ◽  
Guglielmo Lione ◽  
Silvia Ongaro ◽  
Paolo Gonthier
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Abies Alba ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Heterobasidion Annosum ◽  
The North ◽  
Phlebiopsis Gigantea ◽  
New Treatments

The Heterobasidion annosum species complex includes major fungal pathogens of conifers worldwide. State-of-the-art preventative stump treatments with urea or with commercial formulations of the fungal biological control agent Phlebiopsis gigantea (i.e., Rotstop®) may become no longer available or are not approved for use in many areas of Europe infested by the three native Heterobasidion species and by the North American invasive H. irregulare, making the development of new treatments timely. The efficacy of Proradix® (based on Pseudomonas protegens strain DSMZ 13134), the cell-free filtrate (CFF) of the same bacterium, a strain of P. gigantea (MUT 6212) collected in the invasion area of H. irregulare in Italy, Rotstop®, and urea was comparatively investigated on a total of 542 stumps of Abies alba, Picea abies, Pinus pinea, and P. sylvestris in forest stands infested by the host-associated Heterobasidion species. Additionally, 139 logs of P. pinea were also treated. Results support the good performances of Rotstop®, and especially of urea against the native Heterobasidion species on stumps of their preferential hosts and, for the first time, towards the invasive North American H. irregulare on stumps of P. pinea. In some experiments, the effectiveness of Proradix® and of the strain of P. gigantea was weak, whereas the CFF of P. protegens strain DSMZ 13134 performed as a valid alternative to urea and Rotstop®. The mechanism of action of this treatment hinges on antibiosis; therefore, further improvements could be possible by identifying the active molecules and/or by optimizing their production. Generally, the performance of the tested treatments is not correlated with the stump size.

Patterns of damage and mortality in red pine plantations following a major ice storm

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
K L Ryall ◽  
S M Smith
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Red Pine ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Ice Storm ◽  
Storm Damage ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
White Pine ◽  
The Impact

The impact of a major ice storm in eastern Ontario on 28 pine plantations (red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait.; Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L.; white pine, Pinus strobus L.; and jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb.) was examined for 4 years after the event. Degree of crown loss and tree mortality were quantified in relation to tree and stand characteristics (e.g., tree species, diameter at breast height (DBH), stand density, stand edge versus interior). We also tested whether salvaging damaged material reduced subsequent tree mortality. Jack and Scots pine were 2.5 times more likely to be damaged by the ice storm than were red pine and white pine. Overstocked stands, and stands with lower mean DBH, were most susceptible to storm damage. Trees were five times more likely to be damaged in the interior versus the edge of a stand, in contrast with previous findings in hardwood stands. In unsalvaged stands, ca. 75% tree mortality was observed in severely damaged trees (>50% crown loss) compared with ca. 45% tree mortality in salvaged stands. Properly timed thinnings to increase diameter growth and the removal of dead and dying wood from heavily damaged stands are recommended to reduce the long-term effects of ice storms.

scholarly journals The Mode of Action of Bacillus Species against Fusarium graminearum, Tools for Investigation, and Future Prospects

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khayalethu Ntushelo ◽  
Lesiba Klaas Ledwaba ◽  
Molemi Evelyn Rauwane ◽  
Oluwafemi Ayodeji Adebo ◽  
Patrick Berka Njobeh
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Fusarium Graminearum ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Biochemical Processes ◽  
Analytical Platforms

Fusarium graminearum is a pervasive plant pathogenic fungal species. Biological control agents employ various strategies to weaken their targets, as shown by Bacillus species, which adopt various mechanisms, including the production of bioactive compounds, to inhibit the growth of F. graminearum. Various efforts to uncover the antagonistic mechanisms of Bacillus against F. graminearum have been undertaken and have yielded a plethora of data available in the current literature. This perspective article attempts to provide a unified record of these interesting findings. The authors provide background knowledge on the use of Bacillus as a biocontrol agent as well as details on techniques and tools for studying the antagonistic mechanism of Bacillus against F. graminearum. Emphasizing its potential as a future biological control agent with extensive use, the authors encourage future studies on Bacillus as a useful antagonist of F. graminearum and other plant pathogens. It is also recommended to take advantage of the newly invented analytical platforms for studying biochemical processes to understand the mechanism of action of Bacillus against plant pathogens in general.

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