scholarly journals Making Sense of the Shift in Paradigm on Cartel Enforcement: The Case for Applying a Desert Perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-198
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Quaid
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Competitive System ◽  
Public Response ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
Making Sense

Soon after the coming into force of changes to the criminal provisions in the Competition Act, the commissioner of competition signalled that cartel enforcement would start to reflect a new mindset, one that treats cartels as truly criminal. But while the impetus for this shift in paradigm is well-intentioned—to give effect to a stronger criminal law mandate following the amendments—it is poorly explained, because its defenders continue to refer to the predominant deterrence rationale used in competition law, even though applying a harm-based view of crime and punishment to cartels fails to explain why criminal enforcement is needed. I believe that applying a desert perspective offers a compelling alternative explanation for this shift toward treating cartels as truly criminal. Drawing on the work of Arthur Ripstein, I offer an account of cartel enforcement that focuses on the inherently wrongful disregard for competition that characterizes cartels. I argue that seeing cartels as a particularly serious misuse of the competitive system, one that is so fundamentally at odds with the notion of a competitive marketplace that it cannot be tolerated, is what justifies recourse to the consistent and uniquely public response of the criminal law. Seen in this light, bringing a more criminal law-oriented mindset to bear on cartel enforcement makes sense in way that this shift in paradigm does not when justified in deterrence terms.

Reflections on the existence of the science of criminal law

2021 ◽  
pp. 156-161
Author(s):  
I. Mytrofanov
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
The State ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Illegal Acts ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The article states that today the issues of the role (purpose) of criminal law, the structure of criminal law knowledge remain debatable. And at this time, questions arise: whose interests are protected by criminal law, is it able to ensure social justice, including the proportionality of the responsibility of the individual and the state for criminally illegal actions? The purpose of the article is to comprehend the problems of criminal law knowledge about the phenomena that shape the purpose of criminal law as a fair regulator of public relations, aimed primarily at restoring social justice for the victim, suspect (accused), society and the state, the proportionality of punishment and states for criminally illegal acts. The concepts of “crime” and “punishment” are discussed in science. As a result, there is no increase in knowledge, but an increase in its volume due to new definitions of existing criminal law phenomena. It is stated that the science of criminal law has not been able to explain the need for the concept of criminal law, as the role and name of this area is leveled to the framework terminology, which currently contains the categories of crime and punishment. Sometimes it is not even unreasonable to think that criminal law as an independent and meaningful concept does not exist or has not yet appeared. There was a custom to characterize this right as something derived from the main and most important branches of law, the criminal law of the rules of subsidiary and ancillary nature. Scholars do not consider criminal law, for example, as the right to self-defense. Although the right to self-defense is paramount and must first be guaranteed to a person who is almost always left alone with the offender, it is the least represented in law, developed in practice and available to criminal law subjects. Today, for example, there are no clear rules for the necessary protection of property rights or human freedoms. It is concluded that the science of criminal law should develop knowledge that will reveal not only the content of the subject of this branch of law, but will focus it on new properties to determine the illegality of acts and their consequences, exclude the possibility of using its means by legal entities against each other.

Introduction: Criminal Law

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-5
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Public Response ◽  
The Public ◽  
Moral Basis ◽  
Fertile Ground ◽  
Justification Of Punishment ◽  
Criminal Conduct

It is hardly surprising that philosophers have long regarded the criminal law as fertile ground. As the most visible application of state power, the criminal law raises issues of the first importance to political philosophy: issues of liberty, justice, and the common good. In announcing and enforcing rules of behaviour the criminal law connects with the concerns of moral philosophers, who have paid particular attention to the justification of punishment and the moral basis of criminal responsibility. Lastly, since the criminal law is typically concerned with the actions of human beings, it raises issues in the philosophy of action. Philosophers have devoted much attention to such central criminal law concepts as voluntariness, intention, and causation.The essays collected here explore topics which fall into three broad groups: the interests protected by the criminal law, the relation of agents to outcomes, and defenses to otherwise criminal conduct. Criminal law protects certain types of interests against certain kinds of invasions. Not everything that sets back a person’s interests is subject to legal sanction. Among those interests that the law deems worthy of protection, only certain kinds of invasions merit criminalization. The papers by Marshall and Duff, Hampton, Lacey, and Brett all touch on issues of the moral basis of criminalization. Marshall and Duff focus on the general issue of criminalization, arguing that crimes merit a certain kind of public response because they are attacks on the public. Drawing out the implications of the familiar fact that the state is a party to a criminal proceeding, they argue that the criminal law appropriately addresses wrongs that are shared by the wider community. For Marshall and Duff, criminalization is about deciding that a wrong against one person is serious in a way that makes it a wrong against everyone in the community, and demands a collective response.

The Inspection and Correction of “Reification” Criminal Law— A Case Analysis Based on Tobacco-Involved Crimes

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 5541-5553
Author(s):  
Chen Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Case Analysis ◽  
Legal Order ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
Security Governance ◽  
Business Operation ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Way

Superficially, the control of trafficking of counterfeit cigarettes in the name of illegal business operation goes against the spirit of modest and restraint, as well as the doctrine, of the Criminal Law; substantially, however, it is the realistic portrayal of the cross-border governing of market misconduct with “reification” criminal law. In recent years, modern criminal law has opened the way to a transformation of functionalism upon the demand for security governance derived from risks to society. It has gone from being a passive night watchman to being a positive leader and pusher, highlighting the trend of “reification” of functionalism-oriented criminal law. The reification not only weakens the contractual value of crime and punishment but also causes dysfunction of the integral legal order. In this regard, while affirming the legitimacy of the functionalism transformation of criminal law, this paper corrects the trend of "reification" of functionalism-oriented criminal law by declaring the modest value of classical humanity-oriented criminal law, and promotes its return to the modest value of "humanity-oriented" criminal law. Based on the principle of unity of legal order, this paper proposes to build a two-tier judgment model consisting of "general violation" and "punishable violation" in an attempt to provide intellectual support for the processing of criminal cases involving tobacco.

Criminal Law as Public Law I

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Vincent Chiao
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Public Law ◽  
Normative Theory ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Criminal Process ◽  
Social Commitment ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

This chapter sketches the gradual emergence of criminal law as public law over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as public institutions gradually asserted control over most aspects of the criminal process. The emergence of criminal law as public law is compared to the development of the welfare state in the early decades of the twentieth century. Public institutions collectively manage the risk of crime, in part by mobilizing practices of policing, prosecution, and punishment. They represent a social commitment to treating crime as a publicly shared burden rather than merely a privately borne tragedy. The emergence of criminal law as public law suggests that, rather than understanding crime and punishment by reference to the rights of individual persons in the state of nature, a normative theory of criminal law should be appropriately sensitive to the institutional morality and political legitimacy of public institutions.

China

2019 ◽  
pp. 107-145
Author(s):  
Andrew Boutros
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Competition Law ◽  
Unfair Competition ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Unfair Competition Law ◽  
Commercial Bribery ◽  
Official Corruption ◽  
Judicial Interpretations

China’s anti-corruption legislation prohibits both official corruption and commercial bribery. China is a civil law country. It does not have a uniform national anti-corruption law yet, and the relevant anti-corruption legal provisions are mainly in the PRC Criminal Law and the PRC Anti-Unfair Competition Law. In addition to these two key legislations, there are also regulations and judicial interpretations issued by relevant government agencies and Supreme People’s Court to address implementation issues under the law. Since China’s president, Jinping Xi, came to power in 2012, China has launched an anti-corruption campaign. The 19th CCP Congress in 2017 continues to send strong signals to fight against corruption.

Zunahme der Punitivität? Überlegungen zu einer alternativen Erklärung neuerer Strafrechtsentwicklungen / Increase in punitiveness? Reflections on an alternative explanation of recent developments in criminal law

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Helge Peters
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
Recent Developments

ZusammenfassungKritische Kriminologen nehmen oft an, dass in gegenwärtigen „westlichen“ Gesellschaften die „Punitivität“ tpgenommen hat („Punitivitätsthese“): Allenthalben würden härtere und längere Strafen gefordert und verhängt. Gegen diese Annahme sprechen einige strafrechtliche Entwicklungen, insbesondere die Tendenz, die Devianz ohne Opfer zu entkriminalisieren. Die These von „Sakralität der Person “ (Joas), der zufolge der Erhalt der körperlichen Unversehrtheit zu einer Leifidee des Umgangs mit dem Menschen geworden ist, scheint die gegenwärtigen strafrechtlichen Ent­wicklungen besser cgi erklären als die „Punitivitätsthese“. Verfechter der „Sakralitätsthese“ verkennen allerdings die Korrespondenz der von ihnen beschriebenen Tendenzen mit polit-ökonomisch fassbaren Prozessen der Neoliberalisierung mo­derner Gesellschaften.

The Influence of Christianity on the Development of Institutions of Crime and Punishment in Russia

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (10) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Наталия Акимова ◽  
Nataliya Akimova
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Spiritual Support ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
Crime And Punishment ◽  
Christian Religion ◽  
Criminal Legislation ◽  
The Church

The article deals with the issues, related to the problem of correlation between law, religion, morality and cultural traditions in the context of criminal behavior. The article analyses tendencies in determinism of philosophical-religious beliefs developed on the basis of centuries-long experience of Christianity, and their influence on the formation and development of the domestic criminal legislation. In her research the author founds upon such sources as the Statute of Prince Vladimir, the Russian Truth, the Code of Tsar Aleksey Mikhailovich. The author draws the conclusion that throughout the whole period of the Christian religion existence, the church and the state have never stayed apart from each other. The church has had a major impact on various aspects of social life, including formation of the customary law, which was one of the factors that seriously affected the development of the modern criminal legislation. Criminal law and the legislation of the pre-revolution Russia had gone hand-inhand with the Christian religion all the way up through the October Revolution of 1917, always finding from its ally spiritual support and canonic recipes to criminalize certain socially dangerous actions, and also to differentiate responsibility and individualize punishment.

scholarly journals PERANAN APARAT PENEGAK HUKUM KAB. SUMENEP DALAM MENANGGULANGI GEPENG DI JALAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
Yayuk Sugiarti
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Crime And Punishment

Masalah umum gelandangan dan pengemis pada hakikatnya erat terkait dengan masalah ketertiban dan keamanan yang menganggu ketertiban dan keaman di daerah perkotaan. Berkembangnya gepeng maka diduga akan memberi peluang munculnya gangguan keamanan dan ketertiban, yang pada akhirnya akan menganggu stabilitas sehingga pembangunan akan terganggu, serta cita-cita nasional tidak dapat diwujudkan. Jelaslah diperlukan usaha-usaha penanggulangan gepeng tersebut. Tampaknya gepeng tetap menjadi masalah dari tahun ke tahun, baik bagi wilayah penerima (perkotaan) maupun bagi wilayah pengirim (pedesaan) walaupun telah diusahakan penganggulangannya secara terpadu di wilayah penerima dan pengirim. Setiap saat pasti ada sejumlah gepeng yang kena razia dan dikembalikan ke daerah asal setelah melalui pembinaan. Untuk menanggulangi terjadinya gepeng dan pengemis jalanan maka aparat penegak hukum harus melakukan langkah-langkah tegas yaitu penerapan hukum pidana (criminal law application), pencegahan tanpa pidana (prevention without punishment), dan mempengaruhi pandangan masyarakat mengenai kejahatan dan pemidanaan lewat media massa (influencing view society on crime and punishment by mass media). Selain itu juga dapat dilakukan dengan Pencegahan primer, merupakan strategi pencegahan terjadinya gepeng dan pengemis jalanan melalui bidang sosial, ekonomi, dan bidang-bidang lain dari kebijakan umum sebagai usaha mempengaruhi faktor-faktor kriminogen. Tujuan pencegahan primer yaitu untuk menciptakan kondisi sosial yang baik bagi setiap anggota masyarakat sehingga masyarakat merasa aman dan tentram, pencegahan sekunder, hal yang mendasar dari pencegahan sekunder dapat ditemui dalam kebijakan peradilan pidana dan pelaksanaannya. Sasaran dari kejahatan ini ialah orang-orang yang sangat mungkin melakukan pelanggaran serta pencegahan tersier, yaitu memberikan perhatian pada pencegahan terhadap residivisme, dengan orientasi pada pembinaan. Sasaran utamanya ialah pada orang-orang yang telah melanggar hukum.

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