scholarly journals Efficient Contracts Without Bargaining Over Employment

2005 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 547-558
Author(s):  
Felice Martinello
Keyword(s):  
Average Cost ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Fringe Benefit ◽  
Union Firm ◽  
Empirical Issue

It is often asserted that unions must bargain over employment if efficient contracts are to be achieved. However, efficient outcomes can be reached and supported if the average rate of compensation paid to labour decreases with employment. The author argues that common fringe benefit and layoff and recall provisions should make the average cost of compensation decline with employment. This implies that most firms and unions can reach and support efficient outcomes even though the union negotiates only wages and fringes, and the employer chooses employment unilaterally. Thus the distinction between monopoly models and efficient bargain models of union-firm interaction is not as relevant an empirical issue as previously believed.

scholarly journals RESEARCHING THE RATE OF PROFIT FOR REAL ESTATE IN THE CITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (166) ◽  
pp. 108-115
Author(s):  
S. Kobzan ◽  
V. Borodatuk ◽  
O. Pomortseva
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Real Estate Market ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Residential Real Estate ◽  
Maximum Profit ◽  
Rate Of Profit ◽  
The City

The purpose of the article is to conduct research on the value of different segments of residential real estate in the city economy, rental rates. Based on this, determine the rate of return on the location of each investigated segment of real estate. The researches of the residential real estate market of the city of Kharkiv on the certain areas are carried out. The market value of one-room, two-room, and three-room apartments is calculated. The cost of rent for one-room, two-room, and three-room apartments is determined. Studies have been conducted and the rate of return calculated in relation to the location of each of the segments of residential real estate. Conclusions are made about the prospects for the development of the residential real estate market in the city economy, options for investing in real estate in the city and the best return on real estate. Today, the problem of profitability research when investing in different segments of real estate and real estate that differ in location is very relevant. Determining the rate of return or rate of return is possible using the approaches used in valuation and using valuation techniques and procedures. The problem of investing is important for business development. Current issues are - in what area to invest and how to get the maximum profit. It is very important for business owners and ordinary citizens to know the amount of profit that can be obtained. Real estate investing is an important and profitable project to save and increase your own resources. Today, there are several methods for assessing the effectiveness of investment. One of them is to determine the rate of return on each of the investment options. The problem posed in the work is the search for locations for investment within the city of Kharkiv with the maximum profit. As a result of research it was established: the average cost of 1 - bedroom apartments = $ 32,564; the average cost of 2 - bedroom apartments = 48385 $; the average cost of 3 - bedroom apartments = $ 65,849; average rent = $ 7; average selling price of 1 sq. km. m = $ 849; average rate of return = 10%. The minimum rental price per 1 sq. кm. m. in the areas of HTZ, Rogan, the village of East - $ 5, and the maximum cost in the areas of Center, Nagorny, Derzhprom - $ 10. Thus we see that those areas of the city in which the rate of return exceeds the average in Kharkov. Thus, the most favorable areas for investment are the areas of the beginning of Gagarin Avenue - 11.29%; Central Market, South Station - 12.36%; Zhukovsky, Shishkovka - 11.34%; Novozhanovo, Moskalivka - 11.76% and Saltivka - 11.17%.

Exploration-Stage Implementation Variation

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Romney ◽  
Nathaniel Israel ◽  
Danijela Zlatevski
Keyword(s):  
Parent Training ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Triple P ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Parent Training Program ◽  
A Site ◽  
The Cost

The present study examines the effect of agency-level implementation variation on the cost-effectiveness of an evidence-based parent training program (Positive Parenting Program: “Triple P”). Staff from six community-based agencies participated in a five-day training to prepare them to deliver a 12-week Triple P parent training group to caregivers. Prior to the training, administrators and staff from four of the agencies completed a site readiness process intended to prepare them for the implementation demands of successfully delivering the group, while the other two agencies did not complete the process. Following the delivery of each agency’s first Triple P group, the graduation rate and average cost per class graduate were calculated. The average cost-per-graduate was over seven times higher for the two agencies that had not completed the readiness process than for the four completing agencies ($7,811 vs. $1,052). The contrast in costs was due to high participant attrition in the Triple P groups delivered by the two agencies that did not complete the readiness process. The odds of Triple P participants graduating were 12.2 times greater for those in groups run by sites that had completed the readiness process. This differential attrition was not accounted for by between-group differences in participant characteristics at pretest. While the natural design of this study limits the ability to empirically test all alternative explanations, these findings indicate a striking cost savings for sites completing the readiness process and support the thoughtful application of readiness procedures in the early stages of an implementation initiative.

Analysis of Efficiency of Drilling of Large-Diameter Wells With a Profiled Wing Bit / Badania Efektywności Wiercenia Studni Wielkośrednicowych Świdrem Skrawającym z Profilowanymi Skrzydłami

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-373
Author(s):  
Jan Macuda
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Open Pit ◽  
Mechanical Parameters ◽  
Drilling Rate ◽  
Geological Conditions ◽  
Rock Drillability ◽  
Drilling Technology ◽  
Weight On Bit ◽  
Rotary Speed

Abstract In Poland all lignite mines are dewatered with the use of large-diameter wells. Drilling of such wells is inefficient owing to the presence of loose Quaternary and Tertiary material and considerable dewatering of rock mass within the open pit area. Difficult geological conditions significantly elongate the time in which large-diameter dewatering wells are drilled, and various drilling complications and break-downs related to the caving may occur. Obtaining higher drilling rates in large-diameter wells can be achieved only when new cutter bits designs are worked out and rock drillability tests performed for optimum mechanical parameters of drilling technology. Those tests were performed for a bit ø 1.16 m in separated macroscopically homogeneous layers of similar drillability. Depending on the designed thickness of the drilled layer, there were determined measurement sections from 0.2 to 1.0 m long, and each of the sections was drilled at constant rotary speed and weight on bit values. Prior to drillability tests, accounting for the technical characteristic of the rig and strength of the string and the cutter bit, there were established limitations for mechanical parameters of drilling technology: P ∈ (Pmin; Pmax) n ∈ (nmin; nmax) where: Pmin; Pmax - lowest and highest values of weight on bit, nmin; nmax - lowest and highest values of rotary speed of bit, For finding the dependence of the rate of penetration on weight on bit and rotary speed of bit various regression models have been analyzed. The most satisfactory results were obtained for the exponential model illustrating the influence of weight on bit and rotary speed of bit on drilling rate. The regression coefficients and statistical parameters prove the good fit of the model to measurement data, presented in tables 4-6. The average drilling rate for a cutter bit with profiled wings has been described with the form: Vśr= Z ·Pa· nb where: Vśr- average drilling rate, Z - drillability coefficient, P - weight on bit, n - rotary speed of bit, a - coefficient of influence of weight on bit on drilling rate, b - coefficient of influence of rotary speed of bit on drilling rate. Industrial tests were performed for assessing the efficiency of drilling of large-diameter wells with a cutter bit having profiled wings ø 1.16 m according to elaborated model of average rate of drilling. The obtained values of average rate of drilling during industrial tests ranged from 8.33×10-4 to 1.94×10-3 m/s and were higher than the ones obtained so far, i.e. from 181.21 to 262.11%.

Detection of Biomedical Images by Using Bio-inspired Artificial Intelligent

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2A) ◽  
pp. 255-264
Author(s):  
Hanan A. R. Akkar ◽  
Sameem A. Salman
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Artificial Neural Network ◽  
Mean Square Error ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Mean Square ◽  
Performance Measurements ◽  
Artificial Intelligent ◽  
Average Mean Square Error ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann

Computer vision and image processing are extremely necessary for medical pictures analysis. During this paper, a method of Bio-inspired Artificial Intelligent (AI) optimization supported by an artificial neural network (ANN) has been widely used to detect pictures of skin carcinoma. A Moth Flame Optimization (MFO) is utilized to educate the artificial neural network (ANN). A different feature is an extract to train the classifier. The comparison has been formed with the projected sample and two Artificial Intelligent optimizations, primarily based on classifier especially with, ANN-ACO (ANN training with Ant Colony Optimization (ACO)) and ANN-PSO (training ANN with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)). The results were assessed using a variety of overall performance measurements to measure indicators such as Average Rate of Detection (ARD), Average Mean Square error (AMSTR) obtained from training, Average Mean Square error (AMSTE) obtained for testing the trained network, the Average Effective Processing Time (AEPT) in seconds, and the Average Effective Iteration Number (AEIN). Experimental results clearly show the superiority of the proposed (ANN-MFO) model with different features.

Pharmacoepidemiological Analysis of Pharmacotherapy for Burn Injuries in Real Clinical Practice

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-79
Author(s):  
Olga Vyacheslavovna Zhukova ◽  
Ekaterina Sergeevna Nekaeva ◽  
Elena Sergeevna Khoroshavina ◽  
Ekaterina Alexeevna Kozlova ◽  
Yulia Alexandrovna Dudukina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Average Cost ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
General Structure ◽  
Burn Injuries ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Positive Tendency ◽  
Defined Daily Doses ◽  
Duration Of Hospitalization ◽  
Real Clinical Practice

Objective: to conduct pharmacoepidemiological analysis and analysis of the costs of pharmacotherapy, taking into account the actual consumption of drugs in the real inpatient clinical practice at the federal center in Russia. Materials and methods. Data from the medical records of 14 patients with burn injury, who were hospitalized in 2018, was analyzed. Patients’ age was from 23 to 67 years (44,93 ± 14,66). Duration of hospitalization was from 17 to 62 days (35,93 ± 14,17). We calculated rate of prescription foe each drug and its share in general structure of all utilized drug courses (n = 460). We performed frequency analysis of prescription structure, DDD (defined daily doses) analysis, DU90% (Drug Utilization 90%) analysis, ABC-analysis and analysis of average cost of pharmacotherapy. Results. Most frequently used drugs, prescribed in 75-100% of all hospital cases, included 15 names, e.g. 2 antimicrobial drugs (vancomycin and amikacin), 19 were used commonly, including 4 antimicrobial drugs (co-trimoxazole, cefoperazone/sulbactam, tigecyclin and cefepime). Other drugs were used in less than 25% of cases. 33 drugs made 90% of all consumed NDDD, including 5 antimicrobial drugs (vancomycin, amikacin, co-trimoxazole, cefoperazone/sulbactam and tigecyclin). These drugs comprised 70,24% in the prescription structure. The cost of one DDD in DU90% segments (512,33 rubles) is 1,4 higher than in DU10% segment (649,34 rubles). Average cost of drugs included in DU90% group was 4735,89 rubles vs 4966,80 rubles for drugs from DU10% group. This finding shows positive tendency of burn injuries pharmacological treatment. Conclusion. We obtained the data, which can be used for comparison of real clinical practice costs with a current payment rates for medical care.

Radiometric Chronology of Neh–nar Glacier, Kashmir

1982 ◽  
Vol 28 (98) ◽  
pp. 91-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. N. Nijampurkar ◽  
N. Bhandari ◽  
C. P. Vohra ◽  
V. Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Average Rate ◽  
Component Model ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Kashmir Valley ◽  
Movement Rate ◽  
Accumulation Zone ◽  
Core Samples ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Two Component

AbstractSurface and core samples of Neh–nar Glacier in the Kashmir Valley have been analysed for the radionuclides 32Si. 210Pb, 40K, and 137Cs. The lateral and vertical profiles (at an altitude of about 4 140 m) reveal:(1)32Si activity decreasing slowly from the accumulation zone to 4 050 m altitude and then abruptly towards the snout.(2)Five zones of alternating high and low 210Pb activity in the surface samples.(3)An horizon at between 2 and 3 m depth containing 210Pb activity above natural levels. This horizon is also associated with 137Cs and a maximum in total ß activity.The ice samples have been dated on the basis of a simplified two–component model, the “fresh“contribution determined by 2l0Pb and the old component by 32Si. The following conclusions can be drawn from these observations:(1)The model age of the snout ice is c. 850 years.(2)The average rate of ice movement in the lower glacier is about 2 m/year, which compares well with the annual movement rate of 2.65 m/year observed since 1974.

TINJAUAN STUDI KELAYAKAN USAHA BADAN USAHA MILIK DESA (NAGARI) KAMANG HILIA SEJAHTERA KENAGARIAN KAMANG HILIA, KECAMATAN KAMANG MAGEK, KABUPATEN AGAM, PROVINSI SUMATERA BARAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Halkadri Fitra ◽  
Salma Taqwa ◽  
Charoline Cheisviyanny ◽  
Abel Tasman ◽  
Nurzi Sebrina
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Internal Rate Of Return ◽  
Present Value ◽  
Internal Rate

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kelayakan aspek keuangan usaha grosir sembako Badan Usaha Milik Desa (Nagari) Kamang Hilia Sejahtera di Kenagarian Kamang Hilia Kecamatan Kamang Magek Kabupaten Agam Provinsi Sumatera Barat yang dilakukan pada tahun 2018. Penelitian bersifat deskriptif kuantitatif dengan menggunakan metode cash flow analysis, payback period, net present value, profitability index, internal rate of return, dan average rate of return. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai net cash flow Badan Usaha Milik Desa (Nagari) Kamang Hilia Sejahtera adalah positif yaitu Rp.21.774.000, nilai payback period adalah 1,15 tahun, nilai net present value positif sebesar Rp.10.680.034,47, nilai profitability index adalah positif 1,37, sedangkan nilai internal rate of return adalah 46,7% dan nilai average rate of return adalah 57,23%. Berdasarkan standar penilaian maka semua metode yang digunakan memberikan kesimpulan bahwa usaha grosir sembako milik Badan Usaha Milik Desa (Nagari) Kamang Hilia Sejahtera dalam kategori layak untuk dilaksanakan.

Economic Aspects of Mustard Cultivation in Lakhimpur Kheri District of Uttar Pradesh

2020 ◽  
pp. 520-523
Keyword(s):  
Average Cost ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Economic Aspects ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Output Ratio ◽  
Gross Income ◽  
Average Size ◽  
The Cost

The results revealed that on an overall average size of landholding was estimated to be 0.97 ha. The total cultivated area at all categories of sample farms were found to be irrigated. Overall average, cost of cultivation was estimated `27819.43 per ha. The cost of cultivation showed positive relation with size of holding. The cost of cultivation was highest on medium farms (`32549.25) followed by small (`31528.40 and marginal (`29171.74), respectively. Overall average, cost of production was estimated `2446.44 per hectare. On an average input-output ratio on the basis Costs A1/A2, B1, B2, C1, and C2 were recorded 1:2.86, 1:2.77, 1:1.91, 1:1.89 and 1:1.46, respectively. On the basis of Cost C2 input-output ratio was highest on marginal farms (1:1.47) followed by small (1:1.44) and medium (1:1.43), respectively. Overall average, net income and gross income were found `9859.33 and 40028.69 per ha, respectively.

About time lag and some morphometric characteristics of streams of the forest zone

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н.А. Белоногова ◽  
А.Ю. Виноградов ◽  
Т.А. Виноградова ◽  
Д.А. Догановский ◽  
А.Н. Кондратьев ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Velocity ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
High Water ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Forest Zone ◽  
Average Flow Velocity ◽  
Small Watersheds ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
General Movement

Расчет максимальных расходов воды дождевых паводков на малых водосборах, в целях эффективного проектирования лесохозяйственных инженерных дорожных сооружений, представляет собой весьма сложную задачу вследствие отсутствия достаточных наблюдений за характеристиками дождевого стока. Кроме того, характеристики дождевого стока и определяющие их факторы обладают большой пространственной и временной изменчивостью, что еще больше затрудняет их определение. Рекомендуемая действующими нормативами методика определения максимального дождевого стока, как показывает практический опыт, нуждается в незамедлительном редактировании с точки зрения сопоставления размерностей и правильности ссылок. Особое внимание в статье уделено определению времени добегания, включенного в расчетные формулы в качестве определяющего параметра. В настоящее время понятие «время добегания» однозначно не определено. В связи с тем, что наполненность русел рек имеет высокую пространственную и временную неоднородность и изменчивость, общее движение воды в створе проектируемого инженерного сооружения можно представить достаточно упорядоченным и единообразным, с практически постоянной паводковой средней скоростью. На основе натурных наблюдений известно, что во время паводка средняя по сечению скорость потока сохраняется постоянной в пределах верхней десятипроцентной части амплитуды уровней воды. Такие данные с конца 70-х годов не публикуются. Обработка имеющихся данных говорит о том, что существует незначительное увеличение скоростей течения с ростом площади бассейнов. Поэтому предлагается принять время добегания τi, определенное по характерным отрезкам руслового пути от исследуемого створа до истока с помощью интерполяции измеренных на гидрометрических постах данных по скоростям течения. The calculation of the maximum water flow during the high water, especially on small watersheds, in order to effectively design engineering of road structures, is a very difficult task due to the lack of sufficient observations. In addition, the characteristics of rainfall, and their determinants have a high spatial and temporal variability, which further complicates their definition. Currently recommended method of determining the characteristics of the maximum rainwater, as the experience, needs immediate clarification of dimensions and verify links. Particular attention is paid to the calculation of lag time, included in the formulas as the defining parameter. Fullness riverbeds has high spatial and temporal heterogeneity and variability. The general movement of water in the closing alignment ordered and uniform. The average rate of slightly increased or decreased depending on the dryness of the season. Each cross-section corresponds to the value of average flow velocity. These data are from the late 70-ies are not published. Processing of existing data suggests that there is a slight increase in the flow velocity with increasing basin areas. Therefore, as a constant time lag is invited to take the time determined by the characteristic segments of the channel path from the source to the alignment of the test.

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