scholarly journals The Labor Relations System: A Proposed Conceptual Framework

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-323
Author(s):  
Arie Shirom

Dans le prolongement de l'étude récente des auteurs Larouche et Deom (Relations industrielles, 1984, vol. 39, no 1) sur l'approche systémique en relations industrielles, cet article présente un cadre conceptuel d'un système de relations du travail (SRT). Après avoir approfondi les premiers essais d'application de la théorie des systèmes au niveau de l'entreprise, l'auteur définit et explique les composantes d'un SRT à partir des concepts et de la terminologie de l'approche systémique en fonction de leur application aux relations du travail en milieu de travail. Les entrants d'un SRT sont constitues par les participants, les résultats recherches et les orientations respectives des participants en vue d'atteindre ces resultats. Le processus de ce système comprend toutes les relations de pouvoir reliées aux démarches en vue de solutionner les questions en jeu qui touchent les participants. Ces rapports de force influencent les positions des parties jusqu'à ce que l'on en arrive à des accords verbaux ou écrits. Ces derniers constituent les extrants d'un SRT. Quant à sa structure, elle est constituée de toutes les formes de comportements institutionnalises, c'est-à-dire des interactions relativement stables, typiques et récurrentes. Ainsi, un comité de négociation collective ou un comité paritaire de sécurité sont des exemples d'éléments structurels. Par contre, les organisations respectives des participants, tel un syndicat local, sont considérées comme une partie du contexte environnemental d'un tel système. La satisfaction des besoins et des aspirations de chaque participant constitue les resultats d'un SRT et le niveau d'atteinte de cette satisfaction pour une partie dépend du comportement de l'autre partie. Cette composante comprend autant les besoins individuels qu'organisationnels, économiques que sociaux et psychologiques. Enfin, les autres dimensions d'un SRT, définies et expliquées au moyen d'exemples dans cette étude, sont ses limites, les effets de rétroaction et les contextes environnementaux. L'auteur effectue ensuite une comparaison des éléments d'un SRT avec ceux proposes par Dunlop dans son important ouvrage Industrial Relations Systems (1958) et démontre que plusieurs éléments de ce système n'ont pas de contrepartie dans le modèle de Dunlop. Pour conclure, l'auteur met en relief les avantages d'un SRT pour les chercheurs et les praticiens des relations du travail, il discute ensuite de quelques limites et faiblesses de ce cadre conceptuel.

2001 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wade Jacoby ◽  
Martin Behrens

Our purpose in this article is to analyze changes in the German wagebargaining system, a system that has attracted enormous attentionfrom scholars of comparative political economy and comparativeindustrial relations. We argue that the wage bargaining portion ofthe German model is neither frozen in place, headed for deregulation,nor merely “muddling through.” Rather, we see the institutionalcapacities of the key actors—especially the unions and employerassociations—making possible a process we term “experimentalism.”In briefest form, experimentalism allows organizations that combinedecentralized information-gathering abilities with centralized decision-making capacity to probe for new possibilities, which, oncefound, can be quickly diffused throughout the organization. We willshow that the capacity for such experimentalism varies across actorsand sectors. And, to make things even tougher, neither major Germansocial actor can sustain innovation in the longer term withoutbringing along the other “social partner.”


Health Policy ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yves Eggli ◽  
Patricia Halfon ◽  
Mehdi Chikhi ◽  
Till Bandi

Author(s):  
Danielle S. McNamara ◽  
G. Tanner Jackson ◽  
Art Graesser

Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) have been producing consistent learning gains for decades. The authors describe here a conceptual framework that provides a guide to how adding game-based features and components may improve the effectiveness of ITS learning environments by improving students’ motivation to engage with the system. A problem consistently faced by ITS researchers is the gap between liking and learning. ITSs effectively produce learning gains, but students often dislike interacting with the system. A potential solution to this problem lies in games. ITS researchers have begun to incorporate game-based elements within learning systems. This chapter aims to describe some of those elements, categorize them within functional groups, and provide insight into how elements within each category may affect various types of motivation.


Author(s):  
Saori Shibata

This chapter analyzes the development of the Japanese labor movement throughout the postwar period. With some exceptions, workers in Japan have been predominantly organized in unions that have had a commitment to a relatively non-confrontational approach toward industrial relations. This organization has come to be challenged in more recent years, however, since the classic model of Japanese labor relations has faced increasing strain as part of the wider changes to the Japanese model of capitalism. Alongside this historical overview of organized labor, the chapter also considers the development of other (non-labor) social movements. This includes those movements that have emerged to promote the interests of social groups whose interests overlap with those of labor but who might not immediately identify themselves as part of the labor movement, such as the homeless, unemployed, and students. The trajectory of social conflict in Japan during the past thirty years has seen a move away from the classic model of social compromise. Various types of social conflict—both inside and outside of the workplace, and involving either workers or those less typically identified with organized labor—have become increasingly common.


ILR Review ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
John P. Windmuller ◽  
Miriam Rothman ◽  
Dennis R. Briscoe ◽  
Raoul C. B. Nacamulli

ILR Review ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 573-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua L. Schwarz ◽  
Karen S. Koziara

Since the passage of the 1974 Health Care Amendments to the National Labor Relations Act, an implicit premise of public policy has been that multiple bargaining units in hospitals would lead to an increased incidence of wage leapfrogging, jurisdictional disputes, and strikes. This examination of two sets of hospitals in 1988, which had bargaining units ranging in number from zero to ten, finds little support for these assumed relationships. Only hospitals with five or six units had wage settlements that were higher than in hospitals with one unit, and then only for two of six occupations studied. Only hospitals with three or four units had more work assignment disputes than hospitals with one unit. Hospitals with four, six, or seven units averaged one more strike than hospitals with one unit over the 1980–88 period, but strikes per contract were higher only for hospitals with six units.


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