scholarly journals Gender Differences in Precarious Work Settings

2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa C. Young
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Work Status ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Precarious Employment ◽  
Work Settings ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Time Work

This study uses human capital and gender stratification theory to answer three research questions concerning the gendered patterns of precarious employment, the effects of human capital investments and family obligations on precarious employment, and the extent that these investments and obligations affect precarious employment differently for men and women. Lucrative jobs that offer benefits, union protection, with full-time work status were considered indicators of high quality and therefore non-precarious employment. Using data from U.S. respondents, findings suggest: a) a “gender” to precarious employment in that women are more likely to work in low quality job settings; b) gender discrepancies in benefits and union protection are explained by differences in men’s and women’s human capital, family investments, and other work-related situations; and, c) gender differences in wages and part-time work status result from workplace discrimination towards women. The implications of these findings are discussed along with recommendations for future research.

scholarly journals Employment After Retirement: A Review and Framework for Future Research

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 262-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherry E. Sullivan ◽  
Akram Al Ariss
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Capital Social ◽  
Career Motivation ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Key Dimensions

Retirement was once considered an exit from full-time work into full-time leisure. Research evidence indicates, however, that a growing number of retirees are reentering the labor force. Although a number of reviews have been conducted on retirement, there has been no comprehensive review of the increasing number of studies on work after retirement. It is time to take stock of the accumulated knowledge on postretirement employment that has been produced by scholars across multiple fields. Using the construct of employability as an organizing framework, this review examines postretirement employment in light of the five key dimensions of employability: career motivation, human capital, social capital, identity, and personality. On the basis of this review, we identify trends and gaps in the literature and recommend major directions for future research on postretirement employment.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Work Status during Early Career of Dentists: An Analysis of National Survey Cohort Data of 10 Years in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2335
Author(s):  
Katsuo Oshima ◽  
Tomoko Kodama ◽  
Yusuke Ida ◽  
Hiroko Miura
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Work Status ◽  
Work Setting ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Dental Clinics ◽  
Career Break ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time

Few studies have evaluated gender differences in young dentists’ career focusing on career breaks and return to work. We created a cohort dataset for dentists registered in 2006 using the national survey between 2006–2016 (men, 1680; women, 984), and examined the work setting of dentists by gender 10 years after registration. The proportion of dentists on career break increased each survey year, and was more pronounced in women than in men (2006 to 2016, men, 11.2% to 14.2%; women, 7.9% to 31.0%). The proportion of those who had career breaks between 2006–2016 was 44.8% in men and 62.9% in women. In the multiple logistic regression for examining the associations between those who returned to work compared to those working continuously, in women, the odds ratios (OR) were significantly higher in those working in dental clinics (owner, OR: 5.39; employee, OR: 3.10), and those working part-time (OR: 2.07); however, in men, there was no significant association with part-time work. These results suggest during early career phase, female dentists are more likely than males to take career breaks and choose part-time on returning. These gender differences should be considered for ensuring adequate workforce in dentistry in the future.

scholarly journals Maternity Leave Duration and Full-time/Part-time Work Status Are Associated with US Mothers’ Ability to Meet Breastfeeding Intentions

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 416-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey R. Mirkovic ◽  
Cria G. Perrine ◽  
Kelley S. Scanlon ◽  
Laurence M. Grummer-Strawn
Keyword(s):  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Work Status ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Time Part ◽  
Part Time Work

Gender Differences in Spousal Care Across the Later Life Course

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 934-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Glauber
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Time Work ◽  
More Care ◽  
Full Time Employment

Spouses often serve as the primary caregivers to their ill or disabled partners. Studies have shown that men receive more care from their wives than vice versa, but few studies have focused on how the gender gap in care varies across the later life course. Drawing on data from the Health and Retirement Study, this study examined the moderating effects of age, gender, and full-time employment on married women’s and men’s receipt of spousal care. This study found that among community-dwelling married adults, the gender gap in care was larger among those in middle age (50–65) than it was among those in older age. As women and men aged, the gender gap decreased primarily because men left full-time work and increased the amount of time that they spent caring for their wives. As gender differences in full-time employment narrowed, the gender gap in spousal care narrowed.

Are there gender differences in wellbeing related to work status among persons with severe impairments?

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 772-783 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ieva Reine ◽  
Edward Palmer ◽  
Karin Sonnander
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Work Participation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Work Status ◽  
Swedish Population ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Regular Work

Aim: The aim of this study was to analyse gender differences in wellbeing, as related to work status, among working-age people with severe impairments. Methods: This study is based on register and survey data for a sample of 7298 persons, drawn from the entire Swedish population of 15,515 working-age people 16–64 years old who, at the end of 2010, received Sweden’s unique personal assistance allowance, an allowance paid from the Swedish Social Insurance Agency (SSIA) to persons with severe impairments, enabling them to pay for assistants to support them in the functions of daily life. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the strength of relations between six measures of wellbeing, work status (not working, irregular work and regular work) and gender, together with key confounders. Results: Of the persons surveyed, 21% responded that they had regular work. Gender differences were found for all confounders, except for age. They were mostly in favour of men, which could reflect the general pattern in the labour market at large. Our results indicated there are substantial differences between non-working, irregularly working and working persons for several wellbeing aspects. Conclusions: This study analyses the contributions to wellbeing of work participation among working-age people with severe impairments, with a focus on gender differences. The analysis shows that work is an important determinant of the six measures of wellbeing examined, where the relationship between work participation and wellbeing is especially strong for peoples’ perceived standard of living. This major finding holds for both genders; however, the data show gender imbalance, in that compared with women, there was a larger percentage of men with severe impairments who have regular work. Future research should focus on finer distinctions between the types of work and the value added of personal assistants in the work context. Measures of general health not available for this study are needed to filter out a clearer picture of the interaction of work and well-being. Despite drawbacks, this study is nevertheless path-breaking in its focus on the value of work participation for the well-being of persons with severe impairments. For this reason, it provides a valuable extension of our knowledge and a clear point of departure for future studies.

Transitions from part-time unemployment: Is part-time work a dead end or a stepping stone to the labour market?

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 569-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Månsson ◽  
Jan Ottosson
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Temporary Employment ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Stepping Stone ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Part Time Work

This article analyses the effects of individual characteristics on the probability of leaving part-time unemployment. The results show that it cannot be unreservedly asserted that part-time work offers access to the core labour market. Among the part-time unemployed, there are great variations in the degree to which they are likely to leave part-time unemployment. A concentration of labour market policy activities on the part-time unemployed who are least likely to succeed in finding full-time employment can, therefore, be expected to have positive consequences from both equity and efficiency points of view. In this respect, part-time unemployed women, persons with work-related disabilities and persons with temporary employment come to the forefront. The article shows that the likelihood of finding a full-time job is certainly not great for persons belonging to these groups. For many of them, part-time job is not a stepping stone but rather a dead end on the labour market.

Human Capital and Welfare Dynamics in Canada

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorgen Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
High School Completion ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Entry Rate ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Using Data ◽  
One Year ◽  
Full Time Employment

Abstract This paper analyzes the effects of human capital on welfare dynamics in Canada using data from the Self-Sufficiency Project (SSP). SSP offered a time-limited earnings supplement to a randomly assigned group of new welfare applicants who remained on welfare for one year and, in the subsequent year, left welfare for full-time employment. The results suggest that high school completion has no significant impact on the exit rate from welfare or on the re-entry rate. Moreover, full-time work experience is found to reduce the risk of returning to welfare but not for respondents who were assigned to the treatment group. This finding suggests that the provision of an earnings subsidy encourages welfare recipients to accept low-wage jobs with little gains from work experience. Thus, the rationale for such a policy that work today will raise experience and consequently future wages is not supported by the results in this paper.

Nonprofit Entrepreneurship: Gender Differences in Strategy and Practice

2021 ◽  
pp. 089976402199943
Author(s):  
Leonor Camarena ◽  
Mary K. Feeney ◽  
Jesse Lecy
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Financial Capital ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Social Entrepreneurs ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Nonprofit Entrepreneurship

There is evidence of meaningful gender differences in behaviors, resources, and outcomes for traditional and social entrepreneurs. We examine if these differences exist among nonprofit entrepreneurs—those who found organizations in a sector where women outnumber men and the activities of many nonprofits are perceived as feminine. Using survey data from 667 nonprofit founders, we investigate human, social, and financial capital differences between men and women. We find no gender differences in human capital before starting a nonprofit. We find gendered differences in founding approaches—women are more likely to take on full-time roles during the start-up phase and utilize volunteers, while men take on more financial debt. Although gender differences between nonprofit founders are not as extensive as those found among traditional and social entrepreneurs, our findings indicate more equitable opportunities for female nonprofit entrepreneurs. These findings highlight the opportunities for interrogating the gendering of nonprofit development.

The Relationship between Work-Specific and Generalized Stress and Alcohol and Marijuana Use among Recent Entrants to the Labor Force

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Johnson ◽  
Helene Raskin White
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Young Adulthood ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Force Data

This study examined changes in alcohol and marijuana use and problem in relation to the transition into full-time work, and the effects of work-related and generalized stress among a group of recent entrants to the labor force. Data were obtained from a sample of males and females who were originally interviewed when they were eighteen years old and followed up twice more at three year intervals. We hypothesized that those who transit into and maintain a full-time job will not increase their level of consumption if they find the job to be the “right fit.” The data indicated that when age, gender, and marital status were controlled, there were few significant effects of the transition to full-time work on use measures. Data from this study provided evidence of a stronger role for generalized stress over that of work-specific stress in predicting changes in drug use in young adulthood.

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